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The principle of actio libera in causa or the effect of a perpetrator's voluntary intoxication on the existence of a criminal act is controversial in international criminal law. The present legislation, as contained in the Rome Statute, is a compromise between different legal systems. It allows the exclusion of a criminal act based on the fact that the perpetrator was involuntarily intoxicated and he or she cannot be ascribed guilt for the act of intoxication and the criminal act. In the Rome Statute the actio libera in causa principle has three elements, composed similarly of the insanity defence due to biological (intoxication), or psychological (the inability to control actions or understand their consequences), and the third negative condition (nonexistence of guilt for the criminal act). The Rome Statute does not deal with diminished mental capacity due to intoxication and also does not contain stipulations regarding the conditions of a generally diminished mental capacity. I propose that the International Criminal Court finds support in the above-mentioned three elements of the principle of actio libera in causa by acknowledging that a perpetrator's capacity to understand or control his or her actions is partially diminished, not totally absent.

CRIMINAL CAREERS AND "CAREER CRIMINALS" -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Issues in the Measurement of Criminal Careers -- ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT APPROACHES -- CONVERGENCE OR DISCREPANCY IN ESTIMATES -- Social Class -- Race -- EFFECTS OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ON ESTIMATES -- Reliability of Self-Reports of Crime -- Validity of Self-Reports of Crime -- Reverse Record Checks -- SOURCES OF RESPONSE EFFECTS ON VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY -- Interviewer Characteristics -- Task Characteristics -- Structural Characteristics -- Question Characteristics -- Respondent Characteristics -- Characteristics of Serious, Chronic Offenders -- Effects of Serious, Chronic Offender Characteristics on Responses -- LIMITATIONS OF OFFICIAL RECORDS -- RESEARCH STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE MEASUREMENT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2 The Impact of Substance Abuse on Criminal Careers -- OVERVIEW -- Approach -- Summary of Findings -- CONCLUSIONS FROM THE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON DRUG USE AND CRIME -- Drug Use and Crime Rates Among Youths and Adults -- Studies of Youths -- Studies of Adults -- Diversity of Crimes Among Drug Users -- Conclusion -- Drug Use and Violent Crimes -- Conclusion -- Drug-Distribution Activities and the Measurement of Crime Rates -- Conclusion -- Onset of Drug Use and Crime: Does It Matter Which Occurred First? -- Conclusion -- Drug Use Among Arrestees -- Conclusion -- Marijuana and Crime-A Weak Link -- Conclusion -- PCP and Violent Crime-A Stronger Link -- Conclusion -- The Role of Hard-Drug Use in Crime -- Conclusion -- Interventions for Reducing Drug Use and Crime -- Conclusion -- Identifying High-Rate Drug Users -- Conclusion -- SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- What Is the Course of Drug Use and Crime in Persons Who Have Been Processed by the Criminal Justice ... -- What Impact Does Reducing the Availability of Drugs Have on Drug Use and Crimes?.

This book sets out and examines the law governing criminal procedure in Canada. It explains the body of rules and principles that govern the investigation, prosecution, and adjudication of any offence enacted by Parliament for which an accused person would have a criminal record if found guilty by a court exercising jurisdiction under the Criminal Code. These include such things as the rules by which police powers are exercised, the right to counsel, search warrants, interim release, and procuring attendance of witnesses.This third edition updates the law in all areas of criminal procedure. The chapter on powers of search and seizure has been completely rewritten to take into account significant new decisions, including, among others, Spencer, on internet anonymity; Vu, on searches of computers; TELUS Communications, on text messaging and wiretap authorizations; MacDonald, on safety searches; and Fearon, on search of cell phones incident to arrest. It also covers the various statutory changes made to search powers by the Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act.

Criminal Liverpool is an entertaining and informative round-up of some of the strangest, most bloodthirsty, despicable and comical crimes that took place in and around Liverpool from the Victorian era up to the mid-twentieth century. Daniel Longman's painstaking research has uncovered many cases that have been long forgotten, and sheds new light on local causes celebres. The readable text is supported by fascinating illustrations and will appeal to anyone who has an interest in the darker side of the city's history

The concept of criminal crime covers a large number of crimes, which exist in the border of criminal law, or outside this border, in special laws. To explain what criminal crime means, our first part of call should be explaining the concept of criminal crime, and then classifying it in the second step.First, since the criminal crime is not the only act that is punished by law, it was necessary to distinguish it from other similar concepts, such as civil crime and administrative crime, whether in the source of these crimes or in the result or in the punishment.Second, since most of the crimes are criminal crimes, it was necessary to divide them into two major parts. The first part was classified according to the nature of the crime; the second part was classified according to the way it was conducted.According to the nature of the crime, we compared between natural crimes, political crimes and military crimes. And according to the way the crime was conducted, we distinguished between the material side of the act and the moral side of the act.On the material side of the act, we divided the crimes into temporary and continuous, simple and periodical, simple and complex, material and formal. On the moral side of the act, we divided crimes into intentional and un-intentional crimes.

As its title suggests, Why the Innocent Plead Guilty and the Guilty Go Free is a wide-ranging critique of our criminal justice system. While it is hardly the first, it offers a number of distinctive insights. Most of the now voluminous work on this topic is written by scholars, policy analysts, or journalists and is addressed to the legislature or the executive. This certainly makes sense. External observers are well positioned to critique a system that punishes without purpose, and the major determinants of its dysfunction are the legislature that enacts the criminal law and the executive that enforces it. In contrast, the author of this book, Jed S. Rakoff, is a sitting federal judge, and he provides a specifically judicial perspective. This appears in at least two of the book's most notable features: its juxtaposition of its subject matter and its discussion of the way that general trends in our criminal law impact the work of judges.

Unfortunately, criminal behavior surrounds us in our societyâ€"from petty theft and vandalism to multimillion-dollar white-collar crime to shocking terrorism attempts and school killings. Invariably, one of the first questions is, ""Why did they do it?"" Criminal psychology seeks to solve this complex puzzle.||In this four-volume reference work, a unparalleled team of leading experts offer an exhaustive look at the history, developments, emerging and classic research issues, controversies, and victories in the expanding field of criminal psychology. The first volume examines the general theori

"Criminal Tribunals" published on by Oxford University Press.