Despite the increasingly diverse ethnic composition of the British labor force, there is no research investigating whether ethnic minorities have different work values from the White British demographic (White British). Using nationally representative data (2012–2013), this article fills this gap by comparing extrinsic and intrinsic work values between White British and five ethnic minorities, while distinguishing between first and second generations. The results show that both first- and second- generation minorities have stronger extrinsic work values than White British, but the ethnic differences are more pronounced for the second generations. Compared to White British, while first-generation minorities have weaker intrinsic work values, the second generations have stronger intrinsic work values. Differences in extrinsic work values are partly explained by differences in age, education and income, while differences in intrinsic work values are largely explained by age, education and job autonomy. These results hold significant implications for understanding the career choices of ethnic minorities and labor market outcomes.
This open access book examines how childhood social disadvantage influences young-adult demographic decision-making and later-life economic and well-being outcomes. This book in particular focuses on testing whether the consequences of childhood social disadvantage for adult outcomes differ across societies, and whether these differences are shaped by the "context of opportunities" that societies offer to diminish the adverse impact of economic and social deprivation. The book integrates a longitudinal approach and provides new insights in how the experience of childhood disadvantage (e.g. low parental socio-economic status, family disruption) influences demographic decisions in adulthood (e.g. the timing of family-events such as cohabitation, marriage or parenthood; the risk of divorce or having a child outside a partner relationship; the exposure to later-life loneliness, poor health, and economic adversity). Moreover, using a cross-national comparative perspective it investigates whether the relationships of interest differ across nations, and tests the "context of opportunities" hypothesis arguing that the links between childhood disadvantage and adult outcomes are weakened in societal contexts offering good opportunities for people to escape situations of deprivation. To do so, the book analyzes national contexts based on economic prosperity, family values and norms, and welfare-state arrangements.
Chapter 1. Social Background and Adult Socio-Demographic Outcomes in a Cross-National Comparative Perspective: An Introduction -- Chapter 2. Cross-National Variation in the Link Between Parental Socio-Economic Status and Union Formation and Dissolution Processes -- Chapter 3. Nonmarital Fertility in Europe and North-America: What is the Role of Parental SES and Own SES? -- Chapter 4. The Persistent Influence of Socio-Economic Background on Family Formation Pathways and Disadvantage in Young Adulthood -- Chapter 5. Adding Well-Being to Ageing: Family Transitions as Determinants of Later-Life Socio-Emotional and Economic Well-Being -- Chapter 6. Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression: An Alternative to Multilevel Analysis when the Number of Countries is Small -- Chapter 7. Modeling the Genesis of Life Courses -- Chapter 8. Understanding the Mechanisms of Intergenerational Social Inequality in Demographic Behavior -- Chapter 9. Explaining Cross-National Differences in Social Background Effects: What Have We Learned?.
"Demographic Gaps in American Political Behavior examines the political behavior of various groups in the United States in an effort to demonstrate how demographic backgrounds and socialization affect political behavior. Media coverage has disproportionately focused on the red state versus blue state divide, leaving the impression that American political behavior is determined solely by place of residence. This, however, ignores the numerous other political divides that exist in the United States today. In order to better conceptualize the landscape of American political behavior, Patrick Fisher analyzes the political gaps in six different demographics-income, religion, gender, race, age, and geography-and examines the effect these political gaps have on public opinion, policy, and party positioning. Written in an accessible fashion, Demographic Gaps in American Political Behavior uses contemporary examples and data from the 2008 and 2012 elections to help readers understand how and why demographic background has the potential to greatly influence political opinions and behavior"--
This paper examines 1996 and 2001 Census data to establish recent changes in Indigenous and non-Indigenous employment and income status in the Northern Territory. Also explored are some of the constraints and opportunities facing Indigenous people in their effort to increase their share of Territory income and raise their levels of participation in the labour market. The paper builds on previous analyses of Indigenous employment and income indicators for the Northern Territory, providing a window on recent trends in relative economic status. This time series is then extended by projecting the Indigenous workingage population and likely employment outcomes to 2011, in an attempt to estimate the scale of the task ahead for Indigenous people and governments as they attempt to raise Indigenous economic status. The findings suggest that the scale of this task is growing with time—Indigenous employment in the mainstream labour market is trending downwards along with the overall level of labour force participation, while the income gap between Indigenous and other Territory residents is widening. Given projected expansion of the working age population, the numbers in work need to rise just to keep the already low employment rate from falling further. The Northern Territory has a serious economic development problem—around one fifth of its resident adult population remains impoverished, structurally detached from the labour market, and illequipped to engage with it.
What is a Community Plan? A Community Plan is a planning document that looks at medium and long range community needs and aspirations. The Plan is used to inform all other Council planning processes, including corporate planning, strategic land use planning and infrastructure planning. The Local Government Act 2009 requires Council to create a Community Plan. There is no specific format or process that a Council must go through to create a Community Plan, each Council develops their own approach to meet the needs of the respective communities. The Cloncurry Community Plan The Cloncurry Shire is working with James Cook University (JCU) and the communities within the Shire to develop their Community Plan. This report summarises the demographic characteristics of the Cloncurry Shire. The demographic profile of the Cloncurry Shire community, illustrates that the community shares many demographic features common to communities where the predominant economic activity within the shire includes mining and mine support activities. These demographic features are a result of the presence of temporary workers and long distance commuters who are counted on Census nights, and whose presence invariably impacts upon the local community, affecting education, housing, household composition and employment to name a few. This demographic profile also tells us that the Cloncurry community is quite different to the Queensland community, and whilst performing better in some aspects such as unemployment, income and labour force participation, there are other aspects that Cloncurry should do better, in particular education and addressing socio-economic disadvantage. To briefly summarise a sample of the key findings: • Cloncurry is home to greater numbers of working age people and these people enjoy higher wages than their Queensland counterparts. There are many more males than females in all age cohorts from 5 years of age all the way to 84 years of age, leading to a large degree of gender imbalance in certain age cohorts. • Cloncurry's overall population is highly dependent upon mining activities occurring within the shire. Whilst population rise and fall cannot be directly attributed to certain mining activities such as construction and decommissioning, population change can generally be linked to mine expansion and contraction activities. These changes in the population from one Census period to the next roughly lie between 15 and 20 percent. It is expected that there will be minimal population growth to 2031. • Incomes are higher in Cloncurry than for Queensland, and incomes are higher in Cloncurry than in other smaller centres such as Dajarra. Higher incomes are not evenly distributed. For example males enjoy higher incomes than females because males are employed more commonly in mining and service related industries that support mining. The majority of weekly individual incomes in Dajarra are in the $150 to $249 bracket. The Census data suggests issues related to equality occurring across Cloncurry Shire – with opportunities to earn a good income limited for some. • Cloncurry scored low on indexes of Socio-Economic Disadvantage. Additional research is likely to uncover areas of extreme Socio-Economic Disadvantage given that the presence of temporary workers and long-distance commuters in the mining industry may be raising SEIFA scores to levels greater than what they would be (if such work arrangements were less common). • There is a significant drop in the age cohort 15 to 19 years, which is likely to be attributed to students leaving Cloncurry to complete their high school education outside of the shire. This in turn has impacts upon tertiary education rates and potentially population levels. Tertiary education rates are lower in Cloncurry than for Queensland and it is possible that these students who leave Cloncurry to complete their schooling may never return. • The percentage of family household types has fallen over time, and the percentage of couple families with children is the family household type that has decreased the most. These have been replaced with increases in non-family household types such as lone, group and other household types. • The housing market in the shire is small, and although real estate and Census statistics show no indication of housing stress and affordability issues, this is in conflict with primary data obtained as part of Community Plan surveying by the research team. It is known that a significant proportion of rental accommodation is subsidised in Cloncurry Shire and these subsidies aren't captured through available Census statistics.
This study is focusing on the evaluating the neighbourhood facilities and services by using the socio demographic variables. There are three important variables used which are genders, religions and housing locations. The main purpose of the study is to examine the neighbourhood facilities and services by using level of satisfaction with different socio demographic background. The self-administered questionnaire survey distributed at three neighbourhood area in Manjung District Perak Malaysia with the sample of 421 respondents. To determine the level of satisfaction of different socio demographic background with neighbourhood facilities and services the t-test and one-way ANOVA test were performed. Generally the result shows that all neighbourhood facilities and services are moderate to less level of satisfaction by different socio demographic background. With the detail t-test analysis the result shows that the male are less level of satisfaction then the female. With One-Way ANOVA test analysis for different religions shows that the highest level of satisfaction is Muslim and the lowest level of satisfaction are other religion. While for different housing location the highest level of satisfaction is Lumut and the lowest level of satisfaction is Sitiawan. Based on the result the local authority the Manjung Municipal Council and related religions agencies must be take into account to upgrade and improve the neighbourhood facilities and services in their area for the purpose of neighbourhood quality. With this study the accurate targeted group of people will be identified by the relevant agencies, bodies or local government will tackle and can solve the problems precisely.
In Germany, demographic change has had far-reaching effects regarding the education system. Particularly in rural, non-urban areas, the existing netwwork of schools is at risk - most of all, this concerns vocational education and training schools. Even more striking, however, are the consequences regarding the qualification of young people because a generation of "baby boomers" needs to be replaced by a low-birthrate generation while at the same time the labour market demands higher qualification levels. Moreover, a growing number of students are from immigrant backgrounds and/or from disadvantaged families: they represent the potential that would still allow for increases in qualification levels. (DIPF/Orig.)
