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In an interconnected world, economic and political interests inevitably reach beyond national borders. Since policy choices generate external economic and political costs, foreign state and non-state actors have an interest in influencing policy actions in other sovereign countries to their advantage. Foreign influence is a strategic choice aimed at internalizing these externalities and takes three principal forms: (i) voluntary agreements, (ii) policy interventions based on rewarding or sanctioning the target country to obtain a specific change in policy, and (iii) institution interventions aimed at influencing the political institutions in the target country. We propose a unifying theoretical framework to study when foreign influence is chosen and in which form, and use it to organize and evaluate the new political economics literature on foreign influence along with work in cognate disciplines. ; Peer reviewed

Peer reviewed ; In an interconnected world, economic and political interests inevitably reach beyond national borders. Since policy choices generate external economic and political costs, foreign state and non-state actors have an interest in influencing policy actions in other sovereign countries to their advantage. Foreign influence is a strategic choice aimed at internalizing these externalities and takes three principal forms: (i) voluntary agreements, (ii) policy interventions based on rewarding or sanctioning the target country to obtain a specific change in policy, and (iii) institution interventions aimed at influencing the political institutions in the target country. We propose a unifying theoretical framework to study when foreign influence is chosen and in which form, and use it to organize and evaluate the new political economics literature on foreign influence along with work in cognate disciplines.

In an interconnected world, economic and political interests inevitably reach beyond national borders. Since policy choices generate external economic and political costs, foreign state and non-state actors have an interest in influencing policy actions in other sovereign countries to their advantage. Foreign influence is a strategic choice aimed at internalizing these externalities and takes three principal forms: (i) voluntary agreements , (ii) policy interventions based on rewarding or sanctioning the target country to obtain a specific change in policy and (iii) institution interventions aimed at influencing the political institutions in the target country. We propose a unifying theoretical framework to study when foreign influence is chosen and in which form, and use it to organize and evaluate the new political economics literature on foreign influence along with work in cognate disciplines.

The president's domestic policy agenda is the starting point for the yearly give-&-take between presidents & Congress. It also reflects the president's efforts to achieve good public policy, reelection, & historical achievement. This paper extends research that has explored the president's domestic policy agenda to the George W. Bush Administration by cataloging the size, length, & importance of Bush's yearly domestic policy agenda priorities. Supplemented with three case studies on education, social security, & charitable choice policies, this paper demonstrates the necessity of moving fast & having public support to explaining the content & ultimate success of George W. Bush's yearly legislative domestic policy agendas. Adapted from the source document.

The president's domestic policy agenda is the starting point for the yearly give-and-take between presidents and Congress. It also reflects the president's efforts to achieve good public policy, reelection, and historical achievement. This paper extends research that has explored the president's domestic policy agenda to the George W. Bush Administration by cataloging the size, length, and importance of Bush's yearly domestic policy agenda priorities. Supplemented with three case studies on education, social security, and charitable choice policies, this paper demonstrates the necessity of moving fast and having public support to explaining the content and ultimate success of George W. Bush's yearly legislative domestic policy agendas.

Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die innenpolitische Situation der Tschechischen Republik nach Teilung der Föderation. Das Jahr 1993 war von der Suche nach nationaler Identität im neuen selbständigen Staat gekennzeichnet. Die Verhandlungen über die gegenseitigen Beziehungen zwischen der Tschechischen Republik und der Slowakei wurden in Form eines Abkommens festgelegt. Die Währung wurde getrennt und eine Zollunion gebildet. Das Parteiensystem zeigt nach den Wählerpräferenzen von 1993 die Tendenz, sich auf drei oder vier politische Parteien zu konzentrieren. Es fehlt jedoch noch eine starke und konstruktive Oppositon. Die Probleme, die 1993 von der Bevölkerung laut Meinungsumfragen als schwerwiegend eingestuft wurden, waren Kriminalität und ungenügende Sicherheit der Bürger, Gesundheitswesen, Lebensstandard, Umwelt und Wirtschaftsreform. Die Zukunftsperspektive der Bevölkerung ist optimistisch; diese Stimmung ist mit dem Vertrauen in die wirtschaftlichen Reformen verbunden. Das spiegelt sich auch in den relativ stabilen Wählerpräferenzen und der eher rechtsorientierten Einstellung der Bevölkerung wider. (psz)

Many international trade agreements regulate the use of domestic policies. Oneapproach is "deep" integration, in which governments contract directly over domesticpolicies. An appealing alternative is "shallow" integration, in which nations contractover market access and avoid negotiations over speci…c policies. I generalize the shallowintegration approach to a two-country di¤erentiated-product setting. Governmentschoose trade policies and two domestic policies: a wage subsidy and a policy reducingthe capital requirement for …rm entry. I show that the sole source of internationaline¢ ciency is terms-of-trade manipulation and that the appropriate terms-of-tradede…nition here is a world price index. Shallow integration works because changesin domestic policies and trade policies that preserve market access also preserve theterms of trade. I discuss potential obstacles for shallow integration. Absent trade policycooperation, direct negotiations over the wage subsidy cannot bene…t governments, butdirect negotiations over the entry policy provide a second-best bene…t. The e¢ cientagreement in theory di¤ers signi…cantly from the shallow integration approach of theGeneral Agreement on Tari¤s and Trade (GATT). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published