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In the traditional (pre-colonial) African society, education was regarded as a means to a end and not as an end in itself. That is, education was not an end in itself. That is, education was mainly functional in objective and achieved through the apprenticeship or on-the –job training system. Both the young and the old were practically trained for specific occupation and professions. That type of education, that emphasized social responsibility, relevance to the needs of society and moral values. The ultimate good of traditional African education was to "produce a man or woman of character, with the useful skill appropriate to his or her status in life" Fafunwa (1982). As a result, there was no question of unemployment then, and where it existed at all, it was very minimal. The major aim of education in all societies should be a preparation of Youths for a productive working life. In line with these, the paper looks into government policies and the way it affects education and world of works. The paper also discussed the ravaging unemployment in the society, and the causes. And it came to a conclusion that unless the new 9-3-4 system of education is faithfully implemented, Nigeria might be faced with a very explosive school leaver problem. Article visualizations:

In the traditional (pre-colonial) African society, education was regarded as a means to a end and not as an end in itself. That is, education was not an end in itself. That is, education was mainly functional in objective and achieved through the apprenticeship or on-the –job training system. Both the young and the old were practically trained for specific occupation and professions. That type of education, that emphasized social responsibility, relevance to the needs of society and moral values. The ultimate good of traditional African education was to "produce a man or woman of character, with the useful skill appropriate to his or her status in life" Fafunwa (1982). As a result, there was no question of unemployment then, and where it existed at all, it was very minimal. The major aim of education in all societies should be a preparation of Youths for a productive working life. In line with these, the paper looks into government policies and the way it affects education and world of works. The paper also discussed the ravaging unemployment in the society, and the causes. And it came to a conclusion that unless the new 9-3-4 system of education is faithfully implemented, Nigeria might be faced with a very explosive school leaver problem.

Das BAMF-Forschungszentrum legt eine neue Kurzanalyse zur Situation geflüchteter Frauen in Deutschland vor. Dabei werden wissenschaftliche Erhebungen mit Daten aus Verwaltungsstatistiken verknüpft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen: Geflüchtete Frauen sind hoch motiviert zur gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe, benötigen aber aufgrund von "Startnachteilen" besondere Unterstützung.

Engineering and Technology Education is a means to sustain and accelerate the overall development in a country and it has a direct effect on individuals' productivity and earnings as well. But the problem is there is gender disparity in distribution especially in developing countries among educational branches. In Ethiopia, despite significant improvements in the last couple of years, women are still under-represented in engineering and technology. Since the share of Ethiopian women in science and technology programs in higher education has been low, the governments apply a policy to stream 70% of all university entrants to be in the science and technology track indirectly to increase their entry into these fields. Even if this types of policy is applying, their participation in engineering and technology education and employment is very low proportion. The main purpose of this study is an attempt to assess trends and share of women in the field of engineering and technology regarding to their share of enrollment, employment and professional positions from the period 2000 -12 based on available secondary data collected from different sources. The collected quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive data analysis techniques. Result from the data shows that there is low share of women in engineering and technology enrollment, employment and professional position status as compared to male in the country. Even if the share of enrollment of women in higher education is on improved status, their share of enrollment in engineering and technology filed is quite low that on average below 30 percent per year. In addition, this grate disparity and low participation of women in engineering and technology invites further investigation regarding to what is the reason behind.

This is an open access book which focuses on different aspects of education, employment, and successful integration of migrants in three countries: Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. The chapters in this book reflect on these issues from micro, meso and macro perspectives; some are based on interviews with migrants and people who work with them, others on documents and literature about migration. There are different pathways for skilled migrants to vocations. Some start working in their previous vocations after arriving in the new environment. Some re-enter their professions but on a lower level. Some can re-train themselves in a new vocation, and some will go to further education, as studies in different chapters of this book suggest. Common for successful integration seems to be several intertwined factors: the target language competence, strong motivation and agency, supporting networks and supporting persons, as well as structural opportunities of the new environment. The book's editorial board takes an eclectic view, hoping to start an academic debate about what 'successful integration' means. While discussions about the integration of migrants tend to focus on integration failures, there are millions of migrants, in different countries, who have successfully integrated into their new societies.