Suchergebnisse

AbstractOn the basis of a study carried out in a village in the interior of rural Portugal, this article attempts to distinguish the elements of a peasant strategy of emigration centred upon the development and expansion of the family agricultural holding through earnings obtained from work in France, which has as its medium term aim return to the rural community.Priority is given to the observation of the social practices of actors in the emigration process, through the reconstitution of individual and family trajectories of returnees, or those in the process of doing so. The impact of their social and economic investment in the rural community is also considered. We conclude that emigration with return is directed towards the remodelling of local structures. Recourse is had to specific forms of relation with work abroad, amongst which the departure of the household head alone and seasonality in the final phase of emigration are distinguished. The practice of pluri‐activity based on two quite distinct and distant socio‐geographical contexts, makes viable a rural area which would otherwise have long been compromised through the process of social and demographic bleeding to which it was subjected.RésuméSur base ?une recherche menée dans un village de ľintérieur du Portugal, cet article tente de mettre à jour des éléments ?une stratégic paysanne ?émigration, stratégic qui serait centrée sur le développement et ľextension de ľexploitation agricole familiale, gràce aux revenus du travail en France, celui‐ci étant perçu comme devant, à moyen terme, conduire à un retour à la communauté?origine. On a reconstituteé les trajectoires familiales et individuelles ?émi‐grés qui sont revenus ou qui sont sur le point de le faire, ce qui permet de décrire les pratiques sociales des acteurs dans le processus ?émigration.On étudie aussi ľimpact économique et social sur la communauté villageoise. Ľémigration avec retour tend à remodeler les structures sociales locales: parmi les formes particuliè‐res de relation au travail àľétranger, il y a notamment le départ du seul chef de famille, et les migrations saisonnières, surtout en phase finale. Et la pluri‐activité, basée sur deux contextes socio‐géographiques très different? et très éloignés, est ce qui permet de maintenir la viabilityé?une région rurale qui, sans cela, aurait ét profondement affectée par ľhémorragie sociale et démographique qu'elle a subie.KurzfassungGestützt auf eine Studie in einem Dorf im Innern Portugals versucht dieser Beitrag die Elemente einer bäuerlichen Auswanderungsstrategie zu charakterisieren, die darauf abzielt, mit Hilfe des Einkommens aus einer Erwerbstätigkeit in Frankreich, wobei mittelfristig die Rückkehr in die ländliche Gemeinde angestrebt wird, den bäuerlichen Familienbetrieb zu entwickeln und aufzustocken.Das Hauptaugenmerk ist auf die Beobachtung des sozialen Verhaltens im Rahmen des Auswanderungsprozesses gerichtet, indem die individuellen und familiären Verläufe der Rückwanderung oder jener, die im Begriff sind diese vorzunehmen, rekonstruiert werden. Es wird auch die Bedeutung ihrer sozialen und ökonomischen Investitionen in der ländli‐chen Gemeinde untersucht. Schlußfolgerung ist, daß Auswanderung mit Rückkehr auf die Wiederherstellung örtlicher sozialer Strukturen gerichtet ist. Es werden hinsichtlich der Beziehungen zur Arbeit im Ausland einzelne Formen gebildet, wobei die Auswanderung des Haushaltsvorstandes alleine und saisonale Wanderungen in der Endphase des Emigra‐tionsprozesses unterschieden werden. Die Praxis der Pluriaktivität in zwei völlig unter‐schiedlichen und von einander entfernten sozialen Kontexten erhält ein ländliches Gebiet lebensfähig, das sonst längst gefährdet wäre durch einen Prozess der sozialen und demogra‐phischen Ausblutung, dem es unterworfen ist.

This paper analyses the effects of emigration on emigrant countries' unemployment rates (short-term effect) in selected EU emigrant countries. The panel data analysis (fixed-effects model) covers the period from 2004 to 2015, and a total of nine EU countries: Bulgaria; Estonia; Greece; Croatia; Latvia; Lithuania; Poland; Portugal; and Romania. The obtained results show that emigration increases the unemployment rate in emigrant countries confirming that, besides generally expected positive effects in terms of a fall in unemployment, emigration could also have an adverse effect on emigrant countries' labour markets. Such results point to structural issues in the labour market caused by emigration, i.e., an increase in the labour supply and demand mismatch, which is discussed in the paper through the descriptive analysis of Job Vacancy Rate (JVR) data.

Slovenian emigration is often presented with a general overview in which general data and statistical facts prevail, while the individual experiences and memories of Slovenian emigrants are omitted from these descriptions. In the study, which was conducted using a biographical-narrative methodological approach among members of the Slovenian diaspora from the United States of America, Canada and Australia, we were interested in the personal experiences and memories of those who emigrated from Slovenia themselves, or whose ancestors did. Through those life stories and memories, we can illustrate Slovenian emigration processes in such a way that people would better understand global migration processes. In the article we present three real life stories of members of the Slovenian diaspora, their individual memories and perceptions of their place of origin, homeland, the memories of emigration and immigration processes and memories of integration to the new social environments.

Starting in the late-nineteenth century, Polish national elites considered emigration a 'necessary evil' that alleviated local economic pressures. In the face of an exodus from all of the partitions, leaders of many political persuasions worked to channel the emigration of peasants towards destinations such as Paraná, where a 'New Poland' could be built. In the 1920s, the emerging inter-war Polish state created a sprawling emigration apparatus that adjusted the old policies to the new circumstances. This article traces the consecutive turns in the Polish government's attitude towards emigration to South America, demonstrating the ways in which they mirrored broader European discourses and responded to systemic changes around the globe. Moreover, in line with the recent scholarship that points to the legacies of empire in inter-war Eastern Europe, the article also examines the relationship between the post-imperial nature of the nascent Polish state and its 'colonial' emigration policies.

"This article, based on interviews with Latvian labour emigrants who left Latvia at the time of the transition from socialism to a free market economy, will explore the intricate reasoning behind the emigrants' decisions of whether or not to remain in Latvia, and how this decision indicates a means of resistance to some forms of governance. It also explores how emigration became a strategy for improving one's quality of life and transforming one's subjectivity. Furthermore, this article explores the political dimension of emigration, arguing that particular environments can entail certain modes of governance, and reveals the character of power relations between an individual and the state. From the perspective of emigration discourse, the author draws the conclusion that the question of governance becomes a question of self-governance." (author's abstract)