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ABSTRACT: The mass killings in the southern part of Zimbabwe from 1983 to 1987, which are commonly known as the Gukurahundi massacres, raise a number of issues, including the need to exhume bodies of those killed in order to bury them in a proper way. This article contributes to the debates on exhumations of mass graves in an African context by examining the connection between avenging spirits and transitional justice through a detailed discussion of Bantu cosmology. The article argues that though the exhumation of the graves of those killed during the Gukurahundi massacres is resisted by those in power, exhumations are pertinent and in line with the Bantu traditions of properly re-burying the dead. Doing so fills a need to appease avenging spirits in order to achieve proper transitional justice and closure .

1: Introduction -- 2: Royal Bodies and Lesser Mortals -- 3: Retribution and Reparation -- 4: Identity & Investigation: I -- 5: Identity & Investigation: II -- 6: A Gothic Cult -- 7: The Odour of Sanctity -- 8: Royal Requiem -- 9: Law Sacred and Secular -- 10: Reasons Many and Various -- Appendix : Dates of Exhumations (Not Definitive); Works Relating to Specific Exhumations -- Glossary.

Intro -- À propos de Collection XIX -- Titre -- SÉANCE D'OUVERTURE -- PREMIÈRE ET DEUXIÈME LEÇONS -- TROISIÈME LEÇON -- QUATRIÈME LEÇON -- CINQUIÈME LEÇON -- SIXIÈME LEÇON -- SEPTIÈME LEÇON -- HUITIÈME LEÇON -- NEUVIÈME LEÇON -- Capital, salaire et intérêt -- DIXIÈME LEÇON -- Monnaie -- ONZIÈME LEÇON - Papier-monnaie -- DOUZIÈME LEÇON -- TREIZIÈME ET DERNIÈRE LEÇON -- RÉSUMÉ GÉNÉRAL -- Chapitre 2 -- SECONDE LEÇON - La question du pain -- TROISIÈME ET QUATRIÈME LEÇONS -- CINQUIÈME ET SIXIÈME LEÇONS -- SEPTIÈME LEÇON -- HUITIÉME LEÇON -- NEUVIÈME ET DIXIÈME LEÇONS -- L'intérêt -- ONZIÈME LEÇON -- DOUZIÈME LEÇON -- TREIZIÈME ET QUATORZIÈME LEÇONS -- POSTFACE -- PREMIÈRE PARTIE -- I -- II -- III -- IV -- V -- VI -- DEUXIÈME PARTIE -- I -- II -- III -- IV -- V -- Note au lecteur -- Page de titre de l'édition imprimée -- Copyright.

Mass graves resulting from episodes of extreme violence are crucial evidence of the wounds of history, and a key to understanding the dynamics of terror. The intentional jumbling of unidentified corpses in unmarked graves is a source of disorder, anxiety and division in many societies (Robben 2000). As a sophisticated instrument of terror, this type of grave is intended to bury the social memory of violence and thus to strengthen the fear-based regimes of the perpetrators, which can survive for decades. Yet as social and political circumstances evolve, social memory eventually returns to confront these unquiet graves. Events of recent decades in countries such as Argentina, Guatemala,Spain and Rwanda show us precisely this. What happens as a result of these return visits, often involving exhumations, depends on the national and international contexts in which the remains are found, investigated and manipulated(Verdery 1999). This paper explores the contemporary controversies around the exhumation of Civil War (1936-1939) mass graves in Spain, as well as the ethnographic challenges posed by them. ; Peer reviewed

This is a contribution of the European Science Foundation "Topo-Europe" Project "Spatial and temporal coupling between tectonics and surface processes during lithosphere inversion of the Pyrenean Cantabrian Mountain belt (PYRTEC)" and the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Project "Topo-Iberia" (CSD2006-00041). Funding by the Government of Asturias (Spain) to Individual Project-2 within the PYRTEC project and from the project MISTERIOS (MINECO-13-CGL2013-48601-C2-2-R) is greatly acknowledged. The PhD of C.F. was funded by the French Ministry of Education. ISTerre is part of the Labex OSUG@2020 (Investissements d'avenir -ANR10 LABX56

Although more than three decades have passed since Guatemala's 36-year-long civil war, bereavement and posttraumatic stress continue to affect many survivors of that dark era, especially since it is only now that a few of the most infamous perpetrators of the violence have recently, if briefly, been brought to justice. The Maya were especially severely affected by the massacres and disappearances of the armed conflict. Because the ongoing relationship between the dead and the living that Maya value requires that the deceased receive proper burial, the exhumation and reburial of war dead have had cathartic effects for the survivors and have actively contributed to the construction of historical memory.Aunque han pasado más de tres décadas desde la guerra civil de 36 años en Guatemala, la aflicción por la pérdida de seres queridos y el estrés post traumático continúan afectando a muchos sobrevivientes de esa era oscura, especialmente porque es sólo hasta hace poco que algunos de los más infames autores de la violencia han sido llevados ante los trbunales aunque sólo brevemente. Los mayas especialmente fueron gravemente afectados por las masacres y las desapariciones del conflicto armado. Ya que la relación existente entre los muertos y los vivos que los mayas valoran requiere que los muertos reciban una digna sepultura, la exhumación y el nuevo entierro de los muertos en la guerra han tenido efectos catárticos en los sobrevivientes y han contribuido activamente a construir la memoria histórica.

Die Exhumierungen von Opfern der repressiven Franco-Politik sind kulturelle Praktiken von großem heuristischem Wert, die eine Analyse des öffentlichen Auftretens, der Verbreitung und der Aneignung eines traumatischen Gedächtnisses im lokalen Kontext erlauben. Der Einsatz visueller Medien zur Aufzeichnung der sozialen Aktivitäten im Umfeld der Ausgrabungen dient nicht allein als Protokollierungsinstrument, sondern ist häufig sogar der Auslöser für ein entstehendes soziales Gedächtnis. Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes beleuchten wir die verschiedenen Formen visueller und audiovisueller Intervention vonseiten der diversen Beteiligten, welche die Exhumierungen von Massengräbern als Veranstaltungen gestalten. Im zweiten Teil fokussieren wir auf die von Sozialwissenschaftler/innen eingesetzten visuellen Methoden, insbesondere auf die Videoaufzeichnung der narrativen Zeugnisse von Überlebenden und Augenzeugen.