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The use of human fetal tissue for scientific research has enormous potential but is subject to government legislation. In the United Kingdom the Polkinghorne Committee's guidelines were accepted by the Department of Health in 1990. These guidelines set out to protect women undergoing termination of pregnancy from exploitation but in so doing may significantly restrict potential research. Although the committee took evidence from a wide variety of experts they did not seek the views of the general public. We asked 108 women about to have a therapeutic abortion; 167 women who had had a pregnancy terminated in the past, and 419 women who had never had an abortion, their views on research using human fetal tissue. Regardless of their past experiences the women were overwhelmingly in favour of research using fetal tissue (94 per cent). They made little distinction between basic research and research with obvious clinical relevance and supported the concept of using transplanted fetal tissue for the treatment of adult disease such as Parkinsonism. Women about to undergo an abortion were significantly more likely (p < 0.001) to approve of all types of research including that aimed at improving methods of abortion and research using live fetuses in utero.

Acknowledgments: All authors wish to dedicate this review to Bernard Jégou who enabled their meeting, and who was a perpetual source of inspiration for their research on human fetal gonads and in particular on their steroidogenic capacities with testes as ovaries. Funding: This work was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 FREIA (grant agreement No. 825100) and the Marie Skłodowska‐Curie PROTECTED projects (grant agreement No. 722634 to P.A.F.). P.A.F., S.C.P., P.L., and L.L. are FREIA project recipients. T.L. was a recipient of funding from the French agency for food and safety (Anses). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

This is a single report that includes multiple parts. Each part equates to a file. Files include parts I-IX. ; Part I of this report contains the official mandate. The nature and purpose of research involving the fetus are summarized in Part II. The alternative means for achieving the purposes of fetal research are summarized in Part III. Parts IV and V discuss the legal and ethical issues. Part VI contains views expressed at public hearings. Part VII explores fetal viability and death. Part VIII covers the report deliberations and conclusions. Part IX details the recommendations. ; Supported by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW).

This is a single report that includes multiple parts. Each part equates to a file. Files include parts I-IX. ; Part I of this report contains the official mandate. The nature and purpose of research involving the fetus are summarized in Part II. The alternative means for achieving the purposes of fetal research are summarized in Part III. Parts IV and V discuss the legal and ethical issues. Part VI contains views expressed at public hearings. Part VII explores fetal viability and death. Part VIII covers the report deliberations and conclusions. Part IX details the recommendations. ; Supported by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW).

AbstractAlthough there is substantial evidence from studies of singletons that small size at birth is linked with long-term adverse health effects, until recently little was known as to whether these associations extend to twins. A review of published studies suggests that at present there is little consistent evidence that birthsize in twins is associated with increased morbidity or morality. While, these findings may reflect methodological limitations, it is also argued that they arise as a consequence of the substantially different biology of fetal growth in twins.

IntroductionFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by prenatal alcoholexposure (PAE). FASD research is a rapidly growing field that crosses multiple disciplines. To ensureresearch is relevant and meaningful for people living with FASD, their families, and the broader publicthere is a need to engage community members in setting priorities for research.
ObjectivesOur primary objective was to formally identify the views of people living with FASD, their par-ents/caregivers, service providers, and the general community on the research priorities for FASDand alcohol use in pregnancy in Australia. Our secondary objective was to provide an overview ofcurrent research in the highest priority areas identified.
MethodsThe approach for this study involved two community surveys and a consensus workshop, followed bya rapid literature review. Survey responses (n = 146) were collected and grouped using qualitativethematic analysis. The themes identified were then ranked in a second survey (n = 45). The 22highest ranked themes were considered in a workshop with 21 community members, and consensuson the top ten priority areas was sought. The priority areas were grouped into conceptually similartopics and rapid literature reviews were undertaken on each.
ResultsA diverse range of priorities was identified within key areas of prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Onrequest from participants, separate priority lists were developed by Aboriginal and non-Aboriginalparticipants.
ConclusionsThere is need for a national network of researchers to take forward the research commenced by theCentre of Research Excellence, FASD Research Australia, in addressing community priorities.

This is a single report that includes multiple parts. Each part equates to a file. Files include parts I-IX. ; Part I of this report contains the official mandate. The nature and purpose of research involving the fetus are summarized in Part II. The alternative means for achieving the purposes of fetal research are summarized in Part III. Parts IV and V discuss the legal and ethical issues. Part VI contains views expressed at public hearings. Part VII explores fetal viability and death. Part VIII covers the report deliberations and conclusions. Part IX details the recommendations. ; Supported by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW).

This is a single report that includes multiple parts. Each part equates to a file. Files include parts I-IX. ; Part I of this report contains the official mandate. The nature and purpose of research involving the fetus are summarized in Part II. The alternative means for achieving the purposes of fetal research are summarized in Part III. Parts IV and V discuss the legal and ethical issues. Part VI contains views expressed at public hearings. Part VII explores fetal viability and death. Part VIII covers the report deliberations and conclusions. Part IX details the recommendations. ; Supported by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW).

This is a single report that includes multiple parts. Each part equates to a file. Files include parts I-IX. ; Part I of this report contains the official mandate. The nature and purpose of research involving the fetus are summarized in Part II. The alternative means for achieving the purposes of fetal research are summarized in Part III. Parts IV and V discuss the legal and ethical issues. Part VI contains views expressed at public hearings. Part VII explores fetal viability and death. Part VIII covers the report deliberations and conclusions. Part IX details the recommendations. ; Supported by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW).

This is a single file report that includes multiple parts. Each part equates to a file. Files include parts I-IX. ; Part I of this report contains the official mandate. The nature and purpose of research involving the fetus are summarized in Part II. The alternative means for achieving the purposes of fetal research are summarized in Part III. Parts IV and V discuss the legal and ethical issues. Part VI contains views expressed at public hearings. Part VII explores fetal viability and death. Part VIII covers the report deliberations and conclusions. Part IX details the recommendations. ; Supported by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW).