Suchergebnisse

There is a widespread and growing concern about the extent and consequences of degradation of the natural resources base in many developing countries. This study explores the effect of selected economic policies on farm-household consumption and production choices in northern Nigeria and evaluates the consequences for environmental degradation at the farm level. Attention is focused on the household's ability to make productivity enhancing and land improvement investments. Insights are provided into the relative significance of nitrogen extracting vs. nitrogen contributing crops, on the incidence of likely biological constraints in the production system, and the influence of input use on land degradation. In this study, the economic response of archetype farm households to existing policies is determined from farm-household data,.This id done with a view to drawing inferences on the environmental consequences of these policies, to determine the impact of specific policy alternatives on the household's choice set and the implications they hold for the resource base. Topics of discussion include the effects of policies on household behaviour in the high performance zone; effects of policies on the environment; impact of ten percent increase in price of legumes; impact of neutral technical change in legumes; impact of eliminating fertiliser subsidy; and impact of eliminating fertiliser subsidy plus technical change in crop production. It also presents a descriptive overview of the analytical model; and looks into data sources, and the structure of a computable household model.

The Prime Minister announces plans to subject all government domestic policies to a "family test" to hold departments to account

Governments play a central role in the allocation of capital and risk in the economy. Evaluating the cost to taxpayers of government investments requires an assumption about the government's cost of capital. Governments often take their borrowing rate to be their cost of capital, which implicitly treats the market risk associated with their activities as having no cost to taxpayers. This article reviews the theoretical and practical rationale for treating market risk as a cost to governments, presents an interpretive review of the growing literature that applies the concepts and tools of modern finance to evaluating the costs of government policies and projects and suggests directions for future research. Examples considered include deposit insurance, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the Federal Reserve's emergency lending facilities, student loans, real infrastructure investments, and public pension plans.

This paper is a summary of the major findings of a large research project on the distributional impacts of government policies in Switzerland. First, the budget incidence of the entire public sector, including the social security system, is presented. The results indicate a substantial redistribution from upper-income to lower-income classes. The effect is largely due to public spending rather than to taxation. Second, the distributional impacts of public policy in selected policy areas—transportation, social security, agriculture, and health—are investigated. Redistribution is pro the poor for transportation and health, and pro the rich for agriculture. A mixed picture is found for social security. Within groups of the same marital status or sex, redistribution is pro the poor. Between these groups, it is pro the rich. Third, the distributional impacts of changes in selected macroeconomic variables are analyzed. The major conclusion is that macroeconomic growth policies, if successful, lead to a reduced equality of income distribution.

"To all defense councils : there follows material for a brief talk (6 minutes) on 'New Government Policies Affecting Automobile Transportation,' which it is hoped you can arrange to have delivered before November 22nd, to as many meetings in your area as possible: of luncheon clubs, lodges, women's clubs, labor unions and other orgaizations. It is, as you will see upon reading it, a vital war message giving information that is needed and will be welcomed by all citizens." ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The significant potential of zakat on profession needs to be actualized through a clear regulation. The targets of zakat on profession are: Ministry or State Institutions, Local Government, State-owned Enterprises, Local Government Owned Enterprises, even other professions that have a high income. The government's efforts to facilitate zakat on profession are solely aimed at making the mechanism of zakat management to be good, transparent and integrated into a system. However, zakat levies should have a specific rule that is binding all citizens, especially all Muslim Civil State Apparatus (henceforth called as ASN) who certainly meets the applicable regulations. For those who have income and already reach nishab or nominal income limit must pay zakat, while the ones whose incomes do not reach nishab are not obliged to do such a thing. Gorontalo province is one of the regions whose population is predominantly Muslim and has potential in terms of Islamic values-based economic development. Therefore, there needs to be a strict regulation to regulate zakat on profession, so that the utilization of zakat can help to alleviate the burden of the poor. By the existence of regulation, people who pay and receive zakat are equally having the benefits of zakat. This is to say that government has a prominent role and responsibility in optimizing the enactment of zakat on profession since the reality of the most significant zakat received by BAZNAS (Islamic board which oversees the collection of Zakat) in Gorontalo province is from ASN and other professions income.

AbstractNew aid approaches devised under the Paris/Accra agenda for more effective aid are expected to make a particular difference in health and education as, arguably, in these sectors aid fragmentation is particularly prevalent. This article reviews evidence from recent in‐depth country work on the extent to which the harmonisation and alignment principles, implemented through new aid modalities, have contributed to health and education outcomes in Zambia. Evidence suggests that even in a 'model' case for adopting Paris‐style aid instruments such as Zambia, implementation of good aid principles has been insufficient to overcome the negative side effects of uncoordinated and fragmented aid. © 2015 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.