Suchergebnisse

Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves the partial or complete excision of external female genitalia and other damage to the female genital organs. This paper develops the identity economics of FGM as a complement to the agency-cost explanation provided by previous rational choice theorists. We analyze how identity influences the costs and benefits associated with participation in FGM, offering insight into the persistence of the practice, as well as what changing the practice entails. Our analysis also explains some of the counterintuitive phenomena associated with FGM, such as older circumcised females being the main gatekeepers who perpetuate the practice.

Acknowledgement: The University of Malta would like to acknowledge its gratitude to the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) for their permission to upload this work on OAR@UoM. Further reuse of this document can be made, provided the source is acknowledged. This work was made available with the help of the Publications Office of the European Union, Copyright and Legal Issues Section ; In order to contribute to identifying and filling the gaps in prevalence data collection and support the development of strategies for combating female genital mutilation (FGM), the European Institute for Gender Equality has commissioned the 'Study to map the current situation and trends of female genital mutilation in 27 EU Member States and Croatia'. The study was launched at the request of Viviane Reding, Vice-President of the European Commission. It was conducted by the International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH) of the Ghent University and Yellow Window Management Consultants (a division of E.A.D.C.). The desk research in the 27 EU Member States and Croatia and the in-depth research in nine EU Member States brings about the first collection of information and data, legal and policy framework, actors, tools and methods in the area of FGM in the EU. The different national approaches to tackle FGM in the EU were analysed and compared in order to identify practices with potential in prevention, protection, prosecution, provision of services, partnership and prevalence. More information and references about the study are available at: www.eige.europa.eu ; N/A

UNHCR has estimated that 18,500 of the 25,855 women and girls from FGM-practising countries seeking asylum in the EU in the first three quarters of 2014 may have been survivors of female genital mutilation (FGM), translating into an estimated 71% prevalence rate of FGM in EU asylum systems. The main countries of origin for these women and girls include Eritrea, Nigeria, Somalia, Guinea and Ethiopia, most of which have persistently high prevalence rates for FGM. These numbers debunk the still all too common view that the practice is so insignificant in the asylum system as not to merit dedicated attention and specific responses. For the first three quarters of 2014, the main countries of asylum for women and girls from FGM-practising countries were Germany, Sweden, France, Switzerland, UK, the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Norway and -- a new entrant into the list -- Denmark. Adapted from the source document.

Background:Although inconspicuously, female genital mutilation (FGM) continues to remain in Nigeria over time. Objective:This study aimed to throw more light on the traditional practice of FGM in the Osun State in Nigeria while recommending campaign methods and education as the best approaches to raise awareness about FGM risks. Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted on 371 rural and urban women. A researcher-made and self-administered questionnaire coupled with theoretical research were used to collect data on the andragogy for FGM. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, and independent samples t-test in SPSS20. The reliability of the instrument was acceptable based on the Cronbach's alpha of 0.79. Results:according to the results, 64.2% of the participants reported the practice of FGM in their communities. The study found significant relationships between FGM and health campaign level (p < 0.0001), media campaign level (p < 0.0001), and educational level (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between FGM practices in urban and rural areas (p = 0.631). Conclusion:Governmental organizations and NGOs are recommended to take required measures to curb traditional practices, such as FGM, which are detrimental to one's health.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the perceptions of and barriers to reporting female genital mutilation (FGM) by victims and survivors of FGM to the police in England and Wales.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on 14 interviews conducted with adult survivors and victims of FGM. A combination of 1:1 and group interviews were used, based on the preference of the respondents. Respondents were recruited in collaboration with specialist non-governmental organisations and major stakeholders in the area of honour-based violence and black and minority ethnic communities.


Findings
A key finding in this research was that all victims/survivors the authors interviewed stated that they did not support the practice of FGM, and that they would not follow it for younger women in their own family. Second, the authors found that none of the respondents had reported their experience to the police. Third, they identified key barriers to reporting, which included: their belief that reporting their own experience would not serve any purpose because they had experienced FGM as children, and in another country; and that they did not feel able to report new incidents of FGM in the community because of a lack of trust in the police due to previous negative experiences. Finally, they believed that FGM could be prevented only by work within the community, and not through engagement with the criminal justice system.


Originality/value
This is, to our knowledge, one of the first papers that is based on victims and survivors' perceptions that explores barriers to reporting cases of FGM to the police, and offers levers for change.

The research forms part of the project 'Forms of Violence in Malta – a gender perspective', supported by the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity - PROGRESS (2007 - 2013) that is implemented by the European Commission. ; Acknowledgement: The University of Malta would like to acknowledge its gratitude to the National Commission for the Promotion of Equality for their permission to upload this work on OAR@UoM. Further reuse of this document can be made, provided the source is acknowledged. ; A report addressing female genital mutilation in Malta. This report is structured as follows. Part I provides an overview of the literature on FGM. It focuses on the international, European and national context as well as on the health implications of FGM before reviewing the literature on the training of healthcare professionals. Finally, the review provides a number of country profiles focusing on countries of origin of migrants in Malta and in which FGM is a widespread phenomenon. Part II introduces the legal framework at the international, European and national level. It seeks to provide an introduction to the legal basis for action to combat FGM whilst at the same time acknowledging that the law is only a part of the framework in this regard. The relevant provisions from international and Maltese law are addressed with particular attention placed on the provisions in the Maltese criminal code introduced in 2014. Part III presents the findings from the qualitative research including both the focus group and interviews with stakeholders and communities at risk. Despite the small samples, a number of interesting observations emerge which provide insights into some of the challenges faced as well as opportunities for future measures to address FGM. Part IV presents promising practices from various countries on approaches to combat FGM. These practices could help inform the development, implementation and evaluation of measures in Malta. Part V concludes by identifying a number of running themes from the research and presenting a number of concrete and achievable recommendations. ; N/A