Suchergebnisse

Transgenic plants that are being developed for commercial cultivation must be tested underfield conditions to monitor their effects on surrounding wildlife and conventional crops. Devel-opers also use this opportunity to evaluate the performance of transgenic crops in a typicalenvironment, although this is a matter of commercial necessity rather than regulatory compli-ance. Most countries have adapted existing regulations or developed new ones to deal specif-ically with transgenic crops and their commodities. The European Union (EU) is renowned, orperhaps notorious, for having the broadest and most stringent regulations governing suchfield trials in the world. This reflects its nominal adherence to the precautionary approach,which assumes all transgenic crops carry an inherent risk. Therefore, field trials in the EU needto demonstrate that the risk associated with deploying a transgenic crop has been reduced tothe level where it is regarded as acceptable within the narrowly defined limits of the regula-tions developed and enforced (albeit inconsistently) by national and regional governments,that is, that there is no greater risk than growing an equivalent conventional crop. Theinvolvement of national and regional competent authorities in the decision-making processcan add multiple layers of bureaucracy to an already-intricate process. In this review, we usecountry-based case studies to show how the EU, national and regional regulations are imple-mented, and we propose strategies that could increase the efficiency of regulation withoutburdening developers with further unnecessary bureaucracy. ; Research at the Universitat de Lleida is supported by MICINN,Spain (BFU2007-61413); European Union Framework 7 Pro-gram-SmartCell Integrated Project 222716; European UnionFramework 7 European Research Council IDEAS AdvancedGrant (to PC) Program-BIOFORCE; COST Action FA0804: Molecular farming: plants as a production platform for high valueproteins; Centre CONSOLIDER on Agrigenomics funded by MICINN, Spain.

This article explores the political and media discourse in The Netherlands around COVID-19 and migration. In so doing, it asks to what extent the dynamics of 'governing COVID-19 through migration' are visible in this discourse. By asking this question, the article builds upon the theoretical frameworks of 'governing through crime' and 'governing through migration control'. Both theoretical frameworks place a strong emphasis on the role of discourse in framing certain social phenomena as a threat, concern or risk. By carrying out a discourse analysis on Dutch political and media debates around COVID-19 and migration in the period 1 January 2020–1 November 2021, the article illustrates that despite the linking of migration and crime not only being very visible but also seemingly normalized in this discourse, the links made between COVID-19 and migration were much more nuanced. Furthermore, although COVID-19 and migration were discussed together, the discourse does not show any evidence of governing COVID-19 through migration by using the pandemic to push for very restrictive migration laws targeting only 'vagabonds' while still allowing the mobility of 'tourists').

I. Historical Introduction -- II. The Netherlands after 1814 -- III. The Native Society -- IV. The Commissioners General (1816–1819) -- V. Governor General Baron van der Capellen (1819–1826) -- VI. Commissioner General Viscount du Bus de Gisignies (1826–1830) -- VII. The period of decision -- VIII. The Fundamental Issue -- IX. Conclusion -- Biographical Sketches.

After considering the functions of capital cities this article argues that culture both as creative activity and as living heritage of customs and architectural assemblies plays a central role in the self-perception of present-day Berlin. The agents—public and private—that interact in the conception and execution of decisive initiatives in the remake of the city form an extensive cultural policy establishment. They derive their legitimation from regional and federal constitutions and from their command of attention in the public discourse. Berlin's claimed status as the most obvious German metropolis is not self-evident. Within the nation it is neither the center of finance, nor the media, nor the supreme courts. In Germany there are other towns and metropolitan regions with a similarly rich infrastructure that can compete at least nationally. But Berlin, building on Enlightenment traditions, is making a plausible effort in regaining its cosmopolitanism. Despite a host of problems, it is now surpassing the ethnic and cultural diversity that was lost in the years of Nazi dictatorship. Can it maintain its attraction for creative talent, both cultural and technological, in view of accelerating social divisions and gentrification?

It is anticipated that the occurrence and intensity of disasters will increase globally and in South Africa where typical disasters include droughts, floods, extreme hailstorms, gales, fires and earthquakes, as well as sinkholes arising from mining activity in dolomitic areas. Disasters such as these result in human suffering and damage to the resources and infrastructure on which South Africans rely for their survival and the maintenance of their quality of life. Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 affords to everyone the right to an environment that is not harmful to his or her health and well-being. It may be argued that a person's sense of environmental security in relation to the potential risks and dangers of disaster falls within the scope of the protection provided by section 24. The responsibility to intervene for the protection of the interests inherent in the constitutional environmental right lies with the government of South Africa. Disaster management specifically is a functional area of competence of national and provincial government, but practice has shown that the actual implementation of and planning for disaster management happens in the local government sphere. Against the backdrop of these introductory discussions and, given the fact that several municipalities in South Africa are under-resourced, this article very specifically aims to critically discuss and describe from a legal perspective the potential and function of public-private partnerships (PPPs) between local government (municipalities) and the private sector (such as industries) in fulfilling the legally entrenched disaster management mandate of municipalities. Through a critical evaluation of some existing PPPs, this article illustrates that the private sector has a key role to play in assisting municipalities to fulfil their legally entrenched disaster management mandate.