Suchergebnisse

"Warum leben Menschen mit höherem sozioökonomischen Status im Durchschnitt länger als jene mit geringerem sozioökonomischen Status und warum sind diese im Allgemeinen gesünder? Unterschiede in Bezug auf Gesundheit und Mortalität können dabei auf Ungleichheiten im Gesundheitsverhalten und auf unterschiedliche Umwelteinflüsse zurückgeführt werden. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt derartige sozioökonomische Ungleichheiten im Gesundheitsverhalten der österreichischen Bevölkerung auf. Die sozioökonomischen Faktoren Bildungsabschluss, Gemeindetyp, Staatsbürgerschaft und Familienstand beeinflussen stark den Lebensstil, den Body Mass Index, das Auftreten von Stress sowie die Bereitschaft zur Gesundheitsvorsorge. Insbesondere das Bildungsniveau, welches hier den sozioökonomischen Status beschreibt, spielt im Gesundheitsverhalten eine wesentliche Rolle." (Autorenreferat)

The transtheoretical model posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Ten processes of change have been identified for producing progress along with decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptations. Basic research has generated a rule of thumb for at-risk populations: 40% in precontemplation, 40% in contemplation, and 20% in preparation. Across 12 health behaviors, consistent patterns have been found between the pros and cons of changing and the stages of change. Applied research has demonstrated dramatic improvements in recruitment, retention, and progress using stage-matched interventions and proactive recruitment procedures. The most promising outcomes to date have been found with computer-based individualized and interactive interventions. The most promising enhancement to the computer-based programs are personalized counselors. One of the most striking results to date for stage-matched programs is the similarity between participants reactively recruited who reached us for help and those proactively recruited who we reached out to help. If results with stage-matched interventions continue to be replicated, health promotion programs will be able to produce unprecedented impacts on entire at-risk populations.

"The first edition of Essentials of Health Behavior: Social and Behavioral Theory in Public Health, was published in 2007. It has been sold and used widely. It was then revised in 2014 to add updated material and a chapter on multi-level theories. Since the 2nd Edition, health promotion theory has continued to evolve, and new circumstances have arisen that need to be addressed, including rapidly evolving social media, increased population diversity (globally), and rapid epidemics such as Ebola. The current edition needs to be augmented with these newer developments, in order to keep the book useful and current"--

Introduction to measurement -- Types of measures -- Measurement error -- Survey development -- Knowledge tests -- Theory and measurement -- Item writing and scaling -- Review of statistical concepts -- Fundamentals of reliability -- Reliability assessment and item analysis -- Validity -- Factor analysis -- Item response theory

Angesichts einer immer wieder aufgestellten Forderung nach komplexen Theorien des Gesundheitsverhaltens wird zunächst auf eine Klassifikation von 16 Theoriengruppen zum gesundheitsbezogenen Entscheidungsverhalten durch W. McGuire verwiesen. Für bevölkerungsbezogene Interventionen hat sich darüber hinaus die von A. Tversky und D. Kahneman entwickelte "prospect theory" als recht vielversprechend erwiesen. Es wird versucht, die Klassifikation einschlägiger Theoriengruppen zum Gesundheitsverhalten mit Hilfe der "prospect theory" zu erklären. Daraus ergibt sich eine kognitive Rahmentheorie zum Gesundheitsverhalten, die einerseits die Grundlagentheorien integriert und andererseits die Anwendungsbedingungen der Grundlagentheorien modifiziert.

Purpose: Studies have examined the independent and additive effects of health behaviors (e.g., physical activity, diet, sleep, and smoking) on systemic inflammation, but we know little about whether different pairs of these behaviors differentially influence inflammation, which was the purpose of this study. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006. Subjects: A total of 2051 adults (≥20 years). Measures: A questionnaire/interview was used to assess sleep and dietary behavior; physical activity was assessed via accelerometry; smoking was assessed via cotinine levels; and a blood sample was taken to assess systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein; [CRP]). Analysis: Multivariable linear regression analysis. Results: Six health behavior pairs were evaluated: (1) active and healthy diet, (2) active and adequate sleep, (3) active and nonsmoker, (4) healthy diet and adequate sleep, (5) healthy diet and nonsmoker, and (6) adequate sleep and nonsmoker. After adjusting for age, gender, race-ethnicity, poverty level, and chronic disease, only active and nonsmoker (β = −.15) and healthy diet and adequate sleep (β = −.16) were associated with CRP. Conclusion: Regular physical activity and smoking avoidance and healthy eating and adequate sleep were the two health behavior pairs associated with less inflammation. This suggests that certain health behaviors may act synergistically on reducing systemic inflammation, whereas other health behavior combinations may not. Such knowledge may help to develop and implement tailored health behavior interventions.

Behavioral economics is a rapidly developing area of psychological science that has synergistically merged microeconomic concepts with behavioral research methods. A driving force behind the growth of behavioral economics has been its recent application t