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Ikenberry reviews 'The Columbia History of the 20th Century' edited by Richard Bulliet.

Even though the crucial importance of World War II has never been called into doubt by historians, it has not featured as a focal point for the interpretation of the 20th century in recent narratives. In most cases, historians have located the war's historical meaning within the dualistic framework of 'catastrophe' and 'reconstruction'. For all its obvious plausibility, however, this approach tends to isolate the war from the wider historical context. This article develops and discusses three perspectives that may serve to embed World War II within broader historical trends. It highlights the global dimensions of the war, examines contemporaneous interpretations that proved influential for decades after the war's conclusion – most notably, the notion of an 'international civil war' – and explores the causal and perceptual cohesiveness of the 'age of world wars' between 1911/14 and 1945/53. By pursuing these avenues, the essay makes several claims. It argues that World War II must be understood as part of longer-term developments originating in the late 19th century and reaching far into the second half of the 20th century; that the era of the world wars gave rise to a coherent space of experience forming the core of this extended trajectory; that there was no monolithic 'interwar' period, while the intellectual history of these decades reveals a smooth transition from world war to 'Cold War'; and, finally, that World War II acted as a catalyst for far-reaching changes on a global scale.

Program of commencement exercises at Norwich University in Norwich, Vermont, on 17 August 1837; lists speakers for scheduled lectures and orations. ; Norwich University. Commencement, Thursday, August 17, 1837. ORDER OF EXERCISES. Forenoon. 1 Morning gun at dawn, 2 Federal salute at sunrise. 3 Guard mounted and relieved at 7 A. M. At 9 o'clock the procession will be formed i the University Yard, and proceed to the Meetir House. Order of exercise in the Meetin House. 1 Prayer. 2 Music. 3 American Revolution—G. W. Gilson, Stoddard, N. H. 4 Science of Government—S. R. Streetei Woodstock. 5 Importance of Military Science to a Republic- J. W. Curtis, Warren. 6 Republican Characteristicks—H. G. Gilber Watertown, N. Y. 7 Music. 8 Latin Oration—R. Henderson, Leesburgh, V; 9 Music. Afternoon. 1 Music. 2 Mind and its destiny—W. S. Sherwood, San- dy-Hill, N. Y. 3 Natural Philosophy—J. Swett, Jr., Claremont, j N. H. I 4 Music. 5 French Oration—R. Frazer, Philadelphia. I 6 Valedictory—C. H. Fay, Lebanon N. H. I 7 Music. 8 Degrees Conferred. 9 Music. 10 Benediction. Military exercises in the University Yard at 4 'P. M., to close with a National salute. Evening preceding Commencement, 1 Music. 2 Declamation—J. T. Lytle, Charleston S. C. 3 Study of History—J. Shedd, Stoddard N. H. 4 Triumph of Science in the moral and physical world—E. E, McLean, Washington City. 5 Original Comic Dialogue. 6 Musjc.

Norwich University commencement program containing the order of exercises for ceremonies in 1836. ; Commencement, Thursday August 18, 1836. ORDER OE EXERCISES. 1. MUSIC. 2. Prayer. 3. MUSIC. 4. Address. Rev. R. Streeter, Woodstock, Vt. 5. History of the Town of Norwich. J. F. Slafter, Norwich, Vt. 6. ORATION.—Vindication of the Principles of NORWICH UNIVERSITY. C. H. Fay, Lebanon, N. H. 7. Music. 8. Internal Improvement. E. Shotwell, City of New- Fork. 9. Necessity of a general dissemination of Military Science in a free Government. J. W. Curtis, Warren, Vt. 10. Governments and their influence. S. R. Streeter, Woodstock, Vt. 11. FORENSIC DISPUTATION.—Need any dan- ger be apprehended from the existence of Po- litical Parties in a Republic? A. Jackman, Middletown, Ct. M. Wadleigh, Sutton, N. H. 12. Dialogue in French. J. H. Streeter, Woodstock, Vt. R. Frazier, City of Philadelphia. 13. Modern Abolitionism. S. Robbe, Peterborough, N. H. 14. Music. 15. Eulogy on Ex-President Madison. T. Whipple, Wentworth, N. H. 16. Female Education. J. Swett, Claremont, N. H. 17. ORATION.—European Emigration to the United States. G. Cotton, Claremont, N. H. 18. Eulogy on King Philip. C. D. Gray, Harrisburg, Va. 19. ORATION.—European Emigration to the United States. R. Frazier, City of Philadelphia. 20. Oration in French. G. Cotton, Claremont, N. H. 21. ORATION, by E. L. BROOKS, Esq., of New-York City, Candidate for the degree of A M. 22. Music. 23. DEGREES CONFERRED. 24. Music. 25. Prayer. franklin b. hitchcock Printer. NORWICH UNIVERSITY.

Der große gegenseitige Einfluss welchen Theater und Politik aufeinander ausüben ist vor allem im Irland des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts sehr ausgeprägt und anhand von Ereignissen, wie etwa den "Playboyriots" oder der recht ähnlichen Reaktion des Theaterpublikums auf Stücke wie "The Plough and the Stars" leicht ersichtlich. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Dramen reflektieren oder kommentieren wichtige historische Ereignisse der irischen Zeitgeschichte und nehmen dabei teils gegensätzliche Betrachtungsweisen ein. Dramatiker wie Sean O'Casey, Frank McGuinness, Dennis Johnston oder Brian Friel bedienen sich des Mediums des Dramas um über die Geschehnisse in ihrem Vaterland zu reflektieren und ihre persönlichen politischen Botschaften weiterzugeben. Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist es aufzuzeigen und zu untersuchen wie die oben genannten Dramatiker das politische und historische Geschehen, insbesondere den Ersten Weltkrieg, den Osteraufstand von 1916 und die Geschehnisse des Blutsonntags 1972 reflektieren, in ihre Dramen inkorporieren und somit das Geschehen kommentierten.Zum Zweck dieser Analyse werden zunächst die historischen Ereignisse in eigenen Kapiteln kurz und knapp dargelegt. Diese historischen Darstellungen sind dann gefolgt von einer Analyse von je zwei irischen Dramen, welche das jeweilige historische Ereignis thematisieren:Sean O'Casey - The Silver Tassie & Frank McGuinness - Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching towards the Somme, Sean O'Casey - The Plough and the Stars & Dennis Johnston - The Scythe and the Sunset, Frank McGuinness - Carthaginians & Brian Friel - The Freedom of the City.Die aus diesen Detailanalysen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden anschließend zusammengefasst und ein Vergleich der verschiedenen dargestellten Sichtweisen vorgenommen. ; Literature, theater and politics have always influenced each other in a variety of contexts, however, this influence is particularly apparent when it comes to what is often referred to as the "Irish Literary Revival" as promoted by such important authors as W.B. Yeats or Lady Gregory. Not only has the Irish National Theater had an important role to play in the Irish Freedom Movement and the creation of an Irish Free State, the Republic of Ireland, but it has also payed tribute to such problems as World War One or the Northern Ireland Troubles. Playwrights such as Sean O'Casey, Frank McGuinness, Dennis Johnston or Brian Friel are using the means of the unique medium of drama to convey their political messages and to reflect on 20th century Irish history. This thesis will examine, explore and illustrate how the above mentioned playwrights reflect on and deal with important aspects of Irish history, such as World War I, the Easter Rising or Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland.The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the different points of view dramatists take on important historical developments and events and to illustrate how these different attitudes and positions are represented in a number of their plays. For this purpose each of the three above listed historical cornerstones of Irish contemporary history will at first be reflected on as such. The plays treating with these events will then be compared and put in context with both, the actual historical facts as well as the other plays dealing with the very same topic. For this purpose the following plays will be evaluated and compared: Sean O'Casey's The Silver Tassie & Frank McGuinness's Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching towards the Somme, Sean O'Casey's The Plough and the Stars & Dennis Johnston's The Scythe and the Sunset, Frank McGuinness's Carthaginians & Brian Friel's The Freedom of the City. ; vorgelegt von Lukas Rathner ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)240100

"A Social History of Twentieth-Century Europe offers a systematic overview on major aspects of social life, including population, family and households, social inequalities and mobility, the welfare state, work, consumption and leisure, social cleavages in politics, urbanization as well as education, religion and culture. It also addresses major debates and diverging interpretations of historical and social research regarding the history of European societies in the past one hundred years. Organized in ten thematic chapters, this book takes an interdisciplinary approach, making use of the methods and results of not only history, but also sociology, demography, economics and political science. Béla Tomka presents both the diversity and the commonalities of European societies looking not just to Western European countries, but Eastern, Central and Southern European countries as well. A perfect introduction for all students of European history."--Publisher's website.