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The rising role of intra- and intergenerational transfers (e.g. basic income, child benefit and public pensions) characterises modern economies, yet most models depicting these transfers are too sophisticated for a wider but mathematically trained audience. This book presents simple models to fill the gap. The author considers a benevolent government maximizing social welfare by anticipating citizens' shortsighted reaction to the transfer rules. The resulting income redistribution is analyzed for low tax morale, strong labor disutility and heterogeneous life expectancy. Key issues that the book addresses include the socially optimal pension contribution rate, retirement age, and redistribution programs. The author concludes by removing some strong restrictions and introducing median voter, incomplete information and dynamic complications. The book will be of value for graduate students and researchers interested in public economics, especially in public and private pensions.

The issue of trade off efficiency and equity, which is represented by income redistribution, becomes increasingly debated not only in economic and social, but also in political dimension. Solution of this trade-off is virtually projected into the implementation of social policy and results achieved in macro economics policy, with the goal to define the optimal scope and character of the income redistribution processes. The submitted empirical study responds to this problem through the solution of research question concerning the existence of a relationship between the extent of selected classes of social protection expenditure (expenditure on policy of family, old age and unemployment) and the achieved level of economics development, quantified by Human Development Index (HDI). The existence of this relationship is statistically tested in the sample of 15 countries of the world economy. The research sample is heterogeneous in relation to the analysed indicators and it concerns countries with a different attained level of economics development and income redistribution policy. In most surveyed countries, based on the results of quantitative analysis was confirmed the impact of social protection expenditure on the reached level of economic development. In the area of family policy and old-age pensions this impact was positive and in the area of employment policy this impact was negative. A high level of heterogeneity of selected countries with respect to the observed aspects proves a markedly different extent and nature of redistribution processes. The findings of the research should therefore be analysed more deeply through the redistribution theory of defined compromise "trade off" between efficiency and equity. The compromise in each country depends on the character of the subparts and the models of social policy. From our perspective, these are models of family policy (liberal, social-market, universalistic), labour market policy (scandinavian, liberal and consensual corporate democracy model) and concepts of pension policy (presented by liberal, socio-democratic and conservative model of social policy). The amount of expenditures of social protection (on the old age, family policy and unemployment) in selected countries provides basic outline of tendencies of these expenditures, which differ according to adopted concepts in family policy, employment policy and policy of the pension system.

The rising role of intra- and intergenerational transfers (e.g. basic income, child benefit and public pensions) characterises modern economies, yet most models depicting these transfers are too sophisticated for a wider but mathematically trained audience. This book presents simple models to fill the gap. The author considers a benevolent government maximizing social welfare by anticipating citizens' shortsighted reaction to the transfer rules. The resulting income redistribution is analyzed for low tax morale, strong labor disutility and heterogeneous life expectancy. Key issues that the book addresses include the socially optimal pension contribution rate, retirement age, and redistribution programs. The author concludes by removing some strong restrictions and introducing median voter, incomplete information and dynamic complications.

Abstract We explore the redistributive effects of taxes and benefits in the 27 member states of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. As well as describing redistributive effects in aggregate, we assess and compare the effectiveness of eight individual types of policy in reducing income disparities. We derive results for the 27 members of the EU using policies in effect in 2010 and present them for each country separately as well as for the EU as a whole. JEL codes D31, H24, I38.

The systems of direct taxes and cash benefits in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU) vary considerably in size and structure. We explore their redistributive effects using EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. As well as describing redistributive effects in aggregate this allows us to assess and compare the effectiveness of individual types of policy in reducing income disparities. We consider the following categories of benefits and taxes: income taxes, tax allowances, tax credits, social contributions, cash benefits designed to target the poor or redistribute inter-personally (through means-testing) as well as cash benefits intended to redistribute intra-personally across the lifecycle (through social insurance or contingency-based entitlement). We derive results for the 27 members of the European Union using policies in effect in 2010 and present them for each country separately as well as for the EU as a whole.

We explore the redistributive effects of taxes and benefits in the 27 member states of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. As well as describing redistributive effects in aggregate, we assess and compare the effectiveness of eight individual types of policy in reducing income disparities. We derive results for the 27 members of the EU using policies in effect in 2010 and present them for each country separately as well as for the EU as a whole.

The aim of the paper is to identify the macroeconomic conditions which determined the dynamics of remuneration and pension growth in Poland in 2010–2017, along with presenting the study forecast until 2025. The research was based on the data from the na-tional accounts, population statistics, statistics of retirement benefits and Statistics Poland's demographic forecast for 2008–2035. The ageing of a population aggravates the problem of fair distribution of the current stream of goods and services produced in the economic process. Distribution options are determined by the relations between the ratio of employed persons to pensioners and the volume of national income. The resulting dependencies can be described using the author's original Intergenerational Income Transfer Model (IITM).The observation of tendencies in Poland demonstrated that the pace of GDP growth between 2010–2017 ensured the macroeconomic balance essential in the process of shaping remunerations and pensions –GDP was growing faster than remunerations and pensions. This indicates the necessity of maintaining a high rate of GDP growth and productivity, at around 3.6% a year, which means that GDP will need to have grown by over 40% by 2025 compared to 2015.With the help of the IITM, it was also possible to identify the main difficulty facing the system of public intergenerational transfers, which, in a state perceived as a common good, should be understood as pensioners' liabilities whose repayment guaranteesa decent standard of living for the elderly.