Suchergebnisse

Can international organizations (IOs) gain independence from their member states, even if their decisions arise from member state bodies? While organizational independence is a precondition for the autonomy and agency of IOs, International Relations theory cannot yet grasp IO independence in the absence of institutional agents like secretariats. Drawing on collective actor theories with a strong micro-foundation from philosophy and sociology, this article demonstrates how organizational rules and procedures gradually shape organizational processes and produce collective effects that do not arise from the aggregation of member state activities. Member-dominated IOs can produce collective beliefs about relevant parts of the outside world that differ from the aggregated beliefs of member states. They can comprise institutionalized organizational goals and criteria that indicate collective intentions of organizational action and differ from the aggregate preferences of member states. They can comprise decision-making procedures that foster organizational decisions according to collective beliefs and intentions and reduce or abolish the relevance of bargaining and preference aggregation. Finally, they can act in ways that do not immediately rely on implementation action by the member states or by other lower-level actors. I conclude that analyzing the sources of independence of member-dominated IOs from their members sheds light on the nature and effects of IOs as group actors.

The author considers Post-Soviet institutionalism as a special social institution of scientific knowledge production. Quantitative parameters and institutional logic of evolution of this scientific current in Russia since 1992 and up to the present are analyzed. It is shown that the "boom" of institutional research has led to the crisis of overproduction of scientific papers and is now gradually turning into stabilization. The necessity of modernization of theoretical and methodological base of institutional economic theory is proved, perspective directions of its development in our country are determined.

Although International Environmental law is considered as one of the most practicable tools to protect and preserve the environment, this practicability depends on participation of all types of national and international groups and actors. In fact, protecting the environment is only feasible when all groups are involved. This is resulted from its complicated and also extensive nature. Thus, not only at an international level without participation of all groups, governmental and nongovernmental actors, and even civil societies does environmental law remain an intellectual concept, but also at national level cooperation of legal custodian of environment with all part of the society is absolutely necessary in order to protect and preserve the environment. According to international investigations and its conformity with national conditions, existence of NGOs and Civil Societies is an indispensable preliminary fact. However, it will not be an exaggeration, if we claim NGOs in Iran are obsolete compared to other countries. This is mainly resulted from situation of organization in Iran's legal system. According to the leading role of NGOs in environmental law development, in this study, we focus on legal vacuum regarding their partnership and possible solutions to remove impediments. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s6p46

"The Evolution of International Organization as Institutional Forms and Historical Processes to 1945" published on by Oxford University Press.