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Robert Olson is professor of Middle East Politics at the University of Kentucky.

Robert Olson is professor of Middle East politics at the University of Kentucky.

Chapter 1: Introduction -- PART I: The Rise of Paradiplomacy -- Chapter 2: The Evolution of Kurdistan-Iraq's Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints -- Chapter 3: The Evolution of Palestine's Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints -- PART II: The foundations of Paradiplomacy -- Chapter 4: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Kurdistan Iraq's Paradiplomacy -- Chapter 5: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Palestine's Paradiplomacy -- PART III: Paradiplomacy in Practise (selected relations) -- Chapter 6: Palestine and USA -- Chapter 7: Kurdistan-Iraq and EU -- Chapter 8: Palestine and EU -- Chapter 9: Palestine and Russia -- Chapter 10: Kurdistan-Iraq and China -- Chapter 11: Palestine and China -- Chapter 12: Kurdistan-Iraq and Turkey -- Chapter 13: Kurdistan-Iraq and Iran -- Chapter 14: Palestine and Iran -- Chapter 15: Conclusion.

"Preface" -- "Contents" -- "List of Tables" -- "Chapter 1: Introduction: Conceptualizing De Facto Statehood of Kurdistan-Iraq and Palestine" -- "Theoretical and Conceptual Dimension" -- "Anthology Structure" -- "Articles of the Anthology" -- "Notes" -- "References" -- "Part I: Historical Background and Turning Points" -- "Chapter 2: The Iraqi Kurds: Historical Backgrounds of a Nonstate Nation" -- "Introduction" -- "Rebellion and Oppression: The History of the Iraqi Kurds from State-Building Until the Great Kurdish Rebellion in 1961" -- "War and Peace in Kurdistan: 1961 Until 1990: The Boundaries of the Arrangement of the Kurdish Question Under the Arab Nationalists Power" -- "The Baath Government and the Policy of Scorched Earth" -- "The Kurds After the Overthrow of the Baath Government in 2003" -- "The War of the IS Against the Kurds" -- "Summary" -- "Notes" -- "References" -- "Chapter 3: Historical Background of the State-Building Process in Palestine" -- "Introduction" -- "The PLO, Arafat, and Institutional-Building in the Diaspora" -- "Civil Society, Political Institution and Leadership in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, 1967–1993" -- "The Establishment of the PNA: When the Outside and Inside Collide" -- "Hamas as a Political Challenge for Fatah Hegemony" -- " Conclusion" -- "Note" -- "References" -- "Part II: Political System and Internal Power Structure" -- "Chapter 4: The Evolution of the Political System of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq" -- "Introduction" -- "A Snapshot of the Contemporary Political System of the KRI" -- "Kurdistan Today" -- "Kurdish Political Cultures: Families, Tribes, and Parties" -- "The DNA: Kurdish Autonomy in the 1970s" -- "The Kurdistan Region Emerges: The Trauma of the 1990s" -- "The Kurdish Adolescent: Overcoming Internal Problems, 1999–2006

This paper applies ex ante econometric, cost–benefit, and financial methodologies to predict diffusion and feasibility of the irrigation project in Shahrazoor, Kurdistan, Iraq. To do so, I investigated the socio-economic, psycho-cultural, and financial factors that determine participation. The socio-economic part of the econometric analysis showed that the project was appreciated more by poorer and economically weaker farmers who rely on agriculture than those who rely on livestock activities. The psycho-cultural part of the econometric analysis emphasized that the project was appreciated more by literate farmers who adopt a maximization (rather than a status quo) approach. The cost–benefit analysis applied to the irrigation project tailored to poorer and weaker farmers determined an acceptable internal rate of return, but the financial analysis highlighted that values for water prices, a feasible internal rate of return and loan interest rates that simultaneously meet the government and farmer budgets might not exist.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> A program for the prevention of major hemoglobinopathies was initiated in 2008 in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. This study reports on the achievements and challenges of the program. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 102,554 individuals (51,277 couples) visiting a premarital center between 2008 and 2012 were screened for carrier status of hemoglobinopathies, and at-risk couples were counseled. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 223 (4.3/1,000) couples were identified and counseled as high-risk couples. Available data on 198 high-risk couples indicated that 90.4% proceeded with their marriage plans, and 15% of these married couples decided to have prenatal diagnosis (PND) in subsequent pregnancies with the identification of 8 affected fetuses; all were terminated as chosen by the parents. Thirty affected births were recorded among the high-risk couples. The premarital program managed to reduce the affected birth rate of major hemoglobinopathies by 21.1%. Of the 136 affected babies born during the study period, 77.9% were born to couples married prior to the start of the program, while 22.1% were born to couples identified as having a high risk. The main reason for not taking the option of PND was unaffordable costs. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Financial support would have increased opting for PND by high-risk couples. Further reduction in affected birth rates could be achieved by including parallel antenatal screening programs to cover those married before the initiation of the premarital program and improving the public health education and counseling programs.

Child marriage is an internationally recognised human rights issue that has been extensively studied by various Non-GovernmentalOrganisations and the United Nations. In response to this problem, many countries have implemented social policies aimed at addressing child marriage and several international treaties are dedicated to combatting it. This study focuses on examining the factors contributing to child marriage within refugee populations. The research methodology involved conducting in-depth interviews with ten young wives aged between 16 and 22, facilitating focus group discussions with their husbands and parents residing in Domiz Camps 1 and 2 in Kurdistan, as well as interviewing key informants who work in child protection services and social policy development. Thematic analysis was employed to identify prominent themes and subthemes based on the perspectives of participants. The research revealed that child marriage is driven by factors such as the need for safety, preservation of family honour, and economic challenges. Similar safety concerns were observed among Syrian refugees in this study, as well as in previous studies conducted on Jordanian refugees and Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. This study takes a comprehensive approach by considering perspectives from young wives, their parents, husbands, and key informants when examining factors related to child marriage. Ultimately, the findings of this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of refugee issues and efforts towards protecting children's rights within the refugee context.

True, the Halabja incident was a planned attack, part of a campaign of genocide against the Kurds, whereas the Bhopal leak was, depending on your point of view, an accident. But the distinction is meaningless. In Halabja, as in Bhopal, the disasters were rooted in the ruthless determination of corporations to make profits at any cost, aided by the collusion of politicians who facilitated their deals and shielded them from justice. Christine Gosden estimates that over half the population of Halabja suffers from major respiratory disorders, including asthma, bronchitis, and pulmonary fibrosis. This is due mainly to exposure to mustard gas, as were the eye problems that she describes as diverse and horrible. The severe scars left on the cornea by the chemical agents have blinded some. Some people are living with permanent soreness and itching. Still 10 years after the attack many people suffer skin irritations, eruptions, scarring, terrible itching and burning sensations. Adapted from the source document.