Suchergebnisse

In this article, the relationship between modernization and democracy in Latin America from 1945 to 1996 is analyzed on the basis of quantitative data. Three arguments are made. First, it is shown that the level of development had a modest impact on the likelihood of democracy in Latin America from 1945 to 1996. Democracy in Latin America has survived in the face of a low level of development, and it has faltered despite moderately high per capita income. Second, it is shown that per capita income is a markedly worse predictor of democracy in Latin America than in other countries with the same income range or in the world as a whole. A distinctive, nonlinear, functional shape is identified for this relationship in Latin America. Third, some potential explanations for this Latin American exceptionalism are addressed. No existing structural explanation suffices, however; this issue merits further exploration in future research.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) country partnership strategy for 2011–2014 proposes to support Kazakhstan in going beyond its middle-income country status. ADB will promote inclusive economic growth and competitiveness through complementary public and private sector investments. ADB will consolidate its resources to support synergized investments in energy, transport, finance, and the urban sectors. These will be complemented by governance, gender equity, regional cooperation and integration, public–private partnership, private sector development and operations, and mitigation of the effects of climate change.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) country partnership strategy for 2011–2014 proposes to support Kazakhstan in going beyond its middle-income country status. ADB will promote inclusive economic growth and competitiveness through complementary public and private sector investments. ADB will consolidate its resources to support synergized investments in energy, transport, finance, and the urban sectors. These will be complemented by governance, gender equity, regional cooperation and integration, public–private partnership, private sector development and operations, and mitigation of the effects of climate change.

The development of information and telecommunications technology has been a breakthrough in the economy and social life. Both modern and traditional sectors of the economy rely on ICT to manufacture new or much improved products and to modify and improve various types of services, e.g. educational, financial, medical, or administrative. With the propagation of ICT there have appeared new ways of acquiring information, learning, doing shopping, or spending leisure time. Thus, progress in ICT contributes to the formation of a knowledge-based economy and an information society. The chief aim of this article is to analyse the level of development of electronic services in Poland against the backcloth of other European Union states. The following issues will be discussed in more detail: (1) the state of physical infrastructure necessary for the development of e-services in Poland and other EU states, (2) the level of development of selected types of e-services for individual consumers and enterprises in Poland, and (3) a comparison of the level of development of selected types of e-services with other EU states.

Sustainable development of urban transport systems is an urgent task of the modern world. High population density and a significant number of industrial enterprises and enterprises in the service sector require not only ensuring the mobility of city residents and the economic activity of enterprises, but also the creation of comfortable living conditions with the preservation of ecology and natural parks in the urban landscape. Incorrect transport planning of the late 20th and early 21st centuries led to rapidly growing motorization and long traffic delays. The created concepts of the development of the transport infrastructure of large cities require constant measurement of the results of changes and correction if necessary. First of all, the work defines the concept of "city transport systems" and their classification. Social and non-social (quantitative, qualitative) indicators used to characterize urban transport systems are described. The main requirements for the urban monitoring system and its key structural elements are given. A monitoring system is proposed, in which the basic management goals related to infrastructural changes (Task 1), the attitudes of users of transport services (Task 2), as well as the impact on the economy (Task 3) and development costs (Task 4) are highlighted. 5 groups of indicators have been formed, which can be used to monitor the development of the city's transport systems: intensity, safety, accessibility, convenience and connectivity. Among the indicators, there are both indicators of objective assessment ("hard" indicators) and indicators of subjective assessment ("soft" indicators). The information base of the article consists of publications by prominent Ukrainian and foreign scientists, data from the Tom Tom transport analytics service, and the current legal framework of Ukraine, which regulates urban transport systems, and urban development strategies. The following methods of scientific research were used for the research: dialectical method, method of scientific abstraction, method of content analysis, method of analysis and synthesis, comparative method, method of generalization and graphic method.

The construction sector is a major contributor to global environmental impacts. This is one of the reasons why there is a political trend towards a ?greener? sector. One indicator of this trend is the progressive application of life cycle thinking approaches and life cycle assessment of products, assemblies and buildings. The digitalization of construction projects, namely the use Building Information Modelling (BIM), can constitute a support to the automation of the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at the building?s design stage. However, besides the complexity of LCA model and results interpretation, BIM models usually lack LCA data that allow environmental impacts calculation. Currently, few publications explicitly relate the integration of LCA and BIM with the specificities of distinct development stages in the design and construction process or Levels of Development (LOD) of BIM objects. This paper summarizes the possible sources of LCA information to include in BIM models and discusses the complexity of LCA information needed for distinct BIM objects? LOD. A parametrization of environmental information is proposed, to be included in BIM objects, based on an evolutionary level of detail in LCA information for increasing LODs. ; This work was supported by FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia [grant number PD/BD/127850/2016] under the Doctoral Program EcoCoRe - Eco-Construction and Rehabilitation. Support from CERIS and Instituto Superior Técnico is also acknowledged. ...