Suchergebnisse

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Peasant women were the largest female occupational group in Italy between the wars. They led lives characterised by great poverty and heavy workloads, but Fascist propaganda extolled them as the mothers of the nation and the guardians of the rural worlds, the most praiseworthy of Italian women.This study is the first published history of the Massaie Rurali, the Fascist Party's section for peasant women, which, with three million members by 1943, became one of the largest of the regime's mass mobilizing organizations. The section played a key role in such core fascist campaigns as nation-buildi

Diese Masterarbeit bietet einen Überblick über die Zusammenhänge zwischen natürlichen Ressourcen und dem Geschlecht als soziale Kategorie in einem ruralen Gebiet in Tansania. Dabei wird zunächst geklärt, wie feministische, umwelt- und entwicklungspolitische Diskussionsstränge entstanden sind und wie das wechselseitige Verhältnis zwischen "Geschlecht" und "Natur" theoretisch zu fassen ist. Da ökologische Gegebenheiten stets mit sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Differenzierungen, welche entlang der Geschlechtergrenzen verlaufen, verbunden sind, wird in einem multisektoralen Genderprofil der Frage nachgegangen, wie geschlechtergerecht Tansania einzustufen ist. Danach werden die Genderdimensionen in drei ausgewählten natürlichen Wirkungskreisen, nämlich Landwirtschaft & Ernährung, Wasser & Sanitärversorgung sowie Böden & Wälder analysiert. Abschließend werden anhand von empirischen Feldforschungsmethoden in der Massai-Steppe das Umweltverhalten, der Umgang mit bzw. der Zugang zu natürlichen Ressourcen mit Genderidentitäten, geschlechtsspezifischen Einstellungen, Arbeitsteilung und kulturelle Normen in Verbindung gebracht. Umweltveränderungen und menschliche Eingriffe in natürlichen Regelkreise bewirken Phänomene wie Dürren, Überschwemmungen, zerstören Anbauflächen und/oder fördern Desertifikation welche wiederum die Quantität und Qualität von Wasser, landwirtschaftlicher Anbauflächen und Weidegebiete verschlechtert. Die große Herausforderung bleibt aber eine immer größere Anzahl an Menschen muss mit Nahrung und sauberem Wasser versorgt werden. Vor allem die Frauen tragen aufgrund des gesellschaftlichen Rollenverständnisses in der Massai-Steppe die Hauptlast von ökologischen Degradationen und zählen somit zu den Verliererinnen bei Umweltveränderungen. ; This master thesis provides an overview of the relationships between natural resources and gender as a social category in a rural area in Tanzania. In the process, first of all, it is clarified how feminist, environmental and development policy discussion strands have emerged and how the reciprocal relationship between "gender" and "nature" can be understood theoretically. Ecological conditions are connected with social, economic and political differentiation, which run along gender boundaries. A multisectoral gender profile examines the question about equality among the sexes in Tanzania. The gender dimensions are then analysed in three selected natural effects: agriculture & nutrition, water & sanitation, soils & forests. Finally, empirical field research methods in the Maasai Steppe were used to link the environmental behaviour, the access to natural resources with gender identities, gender-specific attitudes, division of labour and cultural norms. Changes in the environment and human intervention in natural conthttps://online.uni-graz.at/kfu_online/wbAbs.cbSaveSprachVersion?pThesisNr=67433&pOrgNr=&pAutorNr=188862&pPersNr=&pFassungNr=47561rol circuits cause phenomena such as droughts, floods and / or promote desertification, which, in turn, worsens the quantity and quality of water, agricultural cultivation areas and grazing areas. However, the main challenge remains - an increasing number of people need to be supplied with food and clean water. Especially the women bear the main burden of ecological degradation due to the social understanding of roles in the Maasai Steppe, and are therefore among the losers in environmental changes. ; Sabrina Richter-Koleznik, BSc ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)1935396

We evaluated the growth dynamics and forage production of Massai grass subjected to different cutting frequencies during the rainy season, with the aim to determine the most suitable cutting frequency to increase grass productivity. A randomized block design with four treatments (four cutting frequencies, 24, 32, 48, and 96 days) was used. The morphological characteristics were evaluated weekly in seven random tillers. Leaf appearance rate, phyllochron value, foliar elongation rate, leaf senescence rate, and stem elongation rate were influenced (p < 0.05) by the cutting frequency, while no effect was found for leaf life span. The number of live leaves per tiller, mean length of leaf blades, population density of tillers (DPP), and sheath length were influenced by the cutting frequency, along with plant height, dry mass of harvested leaf blade, dry mass of harvested stem, dry mass of harvested dead material, and leaf/stem ratio, while there was no effect on dry mass of forage harvested. The rates of leaf blade accumulation, stem accumulation, forage loss, and forage production were not affected by cutting frequency. A cutting frequency of 24 days resulted in the highest productivity values of Massai grass during the rainy season.

Abstract – The paper traces the history of the Italian phrase massaia rurale ('rural housewife') with which during the Fascist regime it was indicated every member of the Fascist organization which brought together the women of the campaign (not only countrywomen, but also wifes of land owners, farmers, sharecroppers and day labourers). The section "Massaie rurali" of the National Fascist Party was born officially in 1934 and took the place of the "Federazione nazionale delle massaie rurali" ('National fascist federation of rural housewives'), an organization that depended on the National Fascist Confederation of Agricultural Unions and not directly by the Fascist party. The "Federazione nazionale fascista delle massaie rurali", in turn, had taken over from the "Unione della massaie di campagna" ('rural housewives union'), organization comprising aristocratic, bourgeois and peasant women, was born in Lombardy in 1919. The progressive appropriation of the "Massaie rurali" by the Fascist regime is part of the process of fascistization of society that characterized Italy in the Thirties. The section "Massaie rurali" became very famous especially after 1935, when with the start of the international sanctions against Italy they became a central element in the autarkic turning point imposed by the regime, which wanted to make of all Italian women, and of housewives rural in particular, a symbol of economic self-sufficiency of the country.