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After the launch of governmental financial support for the development of a regional suicide prevention programme, &lsquo ; Emergency Fund to Enhance Community-Based Suicide Countermeasure&rsquo ; in 2009, suicide mortality rates in Japan have decreased from 25.7 (in 2009) to 16.5 (in 2018) per 100,000 population. Therefore, to explore the effects of governmental financial support on suicide mortality rates in Japan, the present study determined the relationship between the trends of empirical Bayes standardised Mobile Ratio of suicide mortality ratio in all 47 Japanese prefectures (EBSMR-RR) and the execution amounts of 10 sub-divisions of &lsquo ; Emergency Fund to Enhance Community-Based Suicide Countermeasure&rsquo ; using stepwise multiple regression analysis. The female EBSMR-RR was only significantly/inversely related to the municipal &lsquo ; development of listeners and leaders&rsquo ; whereas male EBSMR-RR was significantly/inversely related to prefectural &lsquo ; enlightenment&rsquo ; and &lsquo ; intervention models&rsquo ; but significantly/directly related to prefectural &lsquo ; personal consultation support&rsquo ; . The present findings suggest the inverse relationship between financial support and the suicide mortality rates in Japan. Furthermore, the independent factors in the reduction of suicide mortality rates between males and females provide important information for planning a scientifically evidence-based and more cost-effective regional suicide prevention programmes.

The study of mortality rates and trends in the United States before 1860 has been rather unsystematic to date. Most scholars have been content to estimate the mortality rate at some point in time and only a few serious efforts have been made to ascertain the long-term trends in mortality. Particularly lacking are efforts to relate estimates of mortality in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to those of the nineteenth century. In addition, the few studies that have attempted to discuss long-term trends in American mortality have been forced to rely on estimates of mortality gathered from different sources and based on different techniques of analysis. Unfortunately, almost no efforts have been made to estimate possible biases introduced when comparing mortality data from different types of records.

After the launch of governmental financial support for the development of a regional suicide prevention programme, 'Emergency Fund to Enhance Community-Based Suicide Countermeasure' in 2009, suicide mortality rates in Japan have decreased from 25.7 (in 2009) to 16.5 (in 2018) per 100,000 population. Therefore, to explore the effects of governmental financial support on suicide mortality rates in Japan, the present study determined the relationship between the trends of empirical Bayes standardised Mobile Ratio of suicide mortality ratio in all 47 Japanese prefectures (EBSMR-RR) and the execution amounts of 10 sub-divisions of 'Emergency Fund to Enhance Community-Based Suicide Countermeasure' using stepwise multiple regression analysis. The female EBSMR-RR was only significantly/inversely related to the municipal 'development of listeners and leaders', whereas male EBSMR-RR was significantly/inversely related to prefectural 'enlightenment', and 'intervention models', but significantly/directly related to prefectural 'personal consultation support'. The present findings suggest the inverse relationship between financial support and the suicide mortality rates in Japan. Furthermore, the independent factors in the reduction of suicide mortality rates between males and females provide important information for planning a scientifically evidence-based and more cost-effective regional suicide prevention programmes.

Several factors have attributed to the high child mortality rate, including poverty, age of women at birth, and length of the interval between births. Besides, the lack of financial resources in developing countries has been a challenge in addressing the prevalent high child mortality rate. Thus, this study seeks to examine the relationship between foreign aid and infant mortality in Nigeria from 1981 to 2018. Employing Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, the study observed that foreign aid, government expenditure on health, real GDP, and carbon dioxide emission negatively impacted child mortality. Hence, the study concludes that foreign aid reduces child mortality in Nigeria. The study recommends that the government ensure that all foreign aid and grants use immediately to reduce child mortality by building the necessary infrastructure and making it readily available.JEL Classification: F35, I19.How to Cite:Adebanji, F. B., Nwosa, P. I., Ojo, O. O., & Alake, O. J. (2020). Foreign Aid and Child Mortality Rate in Nigeria. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 9(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i2.14960.

1: Introduction -- 1.1 Inverse problems in population ecology -- 1.2 Copepod mortality rate estimation -- 1.3 The theoretical problems of mortality estimation -- 1.4 Existing methods for mortality estimation -- 1.5 This monograph -- 2: Mortality Estimation Schemes Related to Stage Structured Population Models -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Preliminaries: mortality estimation for an unstructured population with known birth rate -- 2.3 Mortality estimation for a single stage of known duration -- 2.4 Instabilities associated with mortality estimators -- 2.5 Discussion -- 3: Cubic Splines and Histosplines -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A brief guide to splines -- 3.3 Cubic splines for exact or noisy histogram data -- 3.4 Choosing the smoothing parameter with covariant error terms -- 3.5 Two examples of the application of cubic area splines to age-structured population data -- 4: Population Surfaces: A New Method of Mortality Estimation -- 4.1 The structured population model -- 4.2 Preliminary estimation of population surface f(?,t) -- 4.3 Characteristics of f(?,t) -- 4.4 Error estimates -- 4.5 What to do about adults -- 4.6 A simpler method -- 4.7 Messy practicalities -- 4.8 Summary -- 5: Tests of the New Method -- 5.1 Parslow and Sonntag's Lag-Manly model method -- 5.2 The method of Hay, Evans and Gamble -- 5.3 Manly's (1987) method -- 5.4 Comparison and testing of the sophisticated and simplified versions of the new method -- 5.5 Discussion -- 6: Loch Ewe Copepods: Some Speculation (Written with S.J. Hay) -- 6.1 The Loch Ewe mesocosm experiments -- 6.2 Stage durations -- 6.3 Modelling sampling error -- 6.4 Death rate patterns for the different copepod species in bag C2: comparison and speculation -- 7: Discussion -- 7.1 What we've done -- 7.2 Experimental suggestions -- 7.3 Production estimation -- 7.4 Methodological improvements -- 7.5 The take home message -- References.

One of the numerous responsibilities of the government of any country is to invest in the various sectors of the economy. This should, however, be channeled to the appropriate sectors, such as the health sector, that will lead to a continual growth of the country. It is in the light of this, that this study looks at government spending on the health sector and its effect on infant mortality rate (INFM) in Nigeria. Health is central to the well-being of the citizens. This study made an attempt to provide empirical evidence of the impact of public health expenditure on infant mortality rate in Nigeria between 1991 and 2018 using time series data. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) analytical method was used to examine the relationships. Various robustness checks were carried out to ensure the reliability of the result for policy makers. Findings revealed that all variables employed positively impacted INFM except for Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus (DPT) immunization and female literacy rate. It was therefore recommended that more public enlightenments on the importance of taking DPT immunization for infants should be embarked upon for the target audience to be able to produce a positive effect, nursing mothers should be educated more on the need to take good care of their children especially at the early stage and not leave chance to the faith of the day care, all in the name of being literate and answering the call of their job at the expense of their parental role among others.

Backgrounds: For more than forty years medical sociology has explained numerous examples of the social patterning of disease. They have shown a strong association between health and socioeconomic status (SES). One of the most important indicators of development in each country is the infant mortality rate, and SES is main determinant for this indicator. This study has evaluated the impact of SES on infant mortality in Shahroud, 2017. Methods: In This cross-sectional study, the information of 4242 children born in 2017 was extracted from the electronic health record with the help of the Data Collection Form. In the first part, the information was about demographics and health care of the household. The second part was related to the household economic status, it was asked to the mothers by phone or in person, including questions about the equipment and tools used by the household. The PCA method (Principal Component Analysis) was used to determine the socio-economic status, and finally, the households were divided into two high and low socio-economic groups. Confounding factors such as mothers' gravidity, history of congenital anomalies in previous children, mother age, history of abortion, type of delivery, the interval of pregnancies, were also used in the study to investigate the effect of SES on infant mortality. Results: Based on our findings, out of 4242 children born in 2017, a total of 21 children died before one year old. The chance of death in children of households belonging to the low SES was 2.93 times more than high SES (CI95% = 1.14-7.54). Conclusions: In general, improving households' socio-economic status can be very effective in reducing child mortality. Government, non-government, and NGO supports can help to improve the economic situation of households and they can help poor families to receive some expensive health services. It is also recommended to promote family health literacy. Keywords: Socio-economic status, Principal component analysis,Infant, Mortality, Shahroud.

This paper examined the macroeconomic determinants of under-five mortality rate in Nigeria between 1980 and 2017. The study was predicated on the Grossman analytical framework rooted in the human capital development theory. A macro-econometric model incorporating major macroeconomic variables in explaining under-five mortality health outcomes. ARDL bound test estimation technique that took into consideration error correction mechanism was used. Tests of the model's reliability were carried out using unit root and co-integration tests. The influences of government health expenditure was significant, however both immunisation initiatives and health workers exerted an insignificant positive influence on under-five mortality rate. Thus, the study recommends policies targeted to improve Nigeria health system both in terms of creation of awareness relating to the service delivery and human capital development of the professionals in the sector to avert brain drain syndrome in the country.JEL Classification: J11, J13 How to Cite:Agbatogun, K. K., & Opeloyeru, O. K. (2020). Macroeconomic Determinants of Under-Five Mortality Rate in Nigeria. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 9(2), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i2.13751.