Suchergebnisse

This paper discusses findings from a qualitative longitudinal study which explored the process of leaving long-stay institutional state care in Romania during 2002–4, a period at the heart of accelerated EU enforced childcare reform. 28 young people were interviewed before leaving care and 17 were tracked up to 8 months after discharge. 18 practitioners were also interviewed. The findings confirmed Pinkerton's (2006) emphasis on the impact of global and national factors on the individual experience of leaving care. This study took place in a country undergoing widespread change. The care leavers' irreversible transition took place within the simultaneous professional transition of their carers and that of the community with which they needed to integrate. This insight is widely relevant in the current context of public funding cuts and changes in welfare policy in many countries, including the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Bridges (2009) was used to understand the experiences of care leavers and their carers. Bridges stresses the role of the leader in creating protective conditions for traversing three unavoidable transition stages: 1. ending old identity/behaviour; 2. a neutral zone of deconstruction and transformation; and 3. a new beginning. Preparation for leaving care can be viewed as learning to end care, followed by the neutral zone which begins at discharge. When lacking family support, formal carers are the young people's main transition guides. However, their professional transition also needs management. Because of top-down, accelerated childcare reforms, the Romanian carers' transitions appeared stuck in the neutral zone, affecting preparation for leaving care. Yet, the availability of learning opportunities after discharge changed the nature of the neutral zone for most of the sample who did better than expected at follow-up. This, supported by Bridges' proposal that learning during transition influences future coping, offers a foundation for new theory.

Birds are useful environmental indicators and their presence as their presence reflects the health of the food web. Bird occurrence, rarity and abundance are reliable indicators of the presence of ecosystem health. Monitoring of avian populations in the Republic of Korea (ROK) is a primary requirement due to plummeting populations and the risks to threatened species. Ministry of Environment, ROK started winter bird census from 1999 including inland areas and coast areas such as Cheorwon, Yeoncheon, Junam Reservoir and Han River. Cheolwon, Yeoncheon and some extent islands in the West Sea have been survey extensively due to iconic bird specise such as White-naped Crane (Grus vipio) or Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) wintering there. However, the winter bird census is not covered near Yu istet, Han River Estuary. Yu islet is located within the Han River estuary, a protected wetland in the Neutral Zone between the two Koreas and north of Gimpo in the ROK. The islet currently supports a large, mixed breeding colony of waterbirds such as one of the nation's largest concentration of breeding Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) and smaller numbers of breeding Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor), Grey Heron (Ardea cinereal), Great Egret (Ardea alba) and Intermediate Egret (Ardea intermedia). The area has long been controled due to military reasons, but recently regular survey activity is possible supported by Gimpo city and military base in Gimpo from November 2018.Here, we provide data demonstrating that Yu islet is important for breeding for waterbirds; and that the northern Gimpo part of Han River estuary is also internationally important for waterbirds during migratory bird season as defined by the Ramsar Convention (Ramsar 1971, RRC-EA 2017). Especially, four waterbird species were found during the survey in the Main Survey Area: Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides), Taiga Bean Goose (Anser fabalis), Tundra Bean Goose (Anser serrirostris) and Greater White-fronted Goose (Anser frontalis). Once considered ...

In the years 1950–1953, the Korean Peninsula was engulfed in a bloody war. Peace negotiations began as early as 1951, but the signing of the Armistice Agreement could not take place until July 27, 1953 in Pan Mun Jom, four months after the death of the USSR leader, Joseph Stalin. The Armistice Agreement closed an extremely tragic stage in Korean history, but also an extremely hot period of tense relations between Western and Eastern block. At the same time, the Korean Peninsula was artificially divided into two countries. Korea emerged from the war ruined. In order to implement the tasks assumed in the Armistice Agreement and to achieve the assumed goals, several bodies were established, incl. Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, composed of representatives of four countries: Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Sweden and Poland. The tasks of the Commission consisted in performing functions related to supervision, observation, inspection and investigations related to the replacement of military personnel, weapons and equipment, as well as in connection with the reported incidents in the demilitarized zone. Poles participate in its activities continuously until today.

Scale is an important concept. It works in geography, architecture, urbanism and a number of other areas. It also works in the 'real world' of humans where it organizes societies and fuel politics. Scale gather people in collectives, as well as it works a political force for pitting them against one another. Hence scale is far from neutral. In this paper, we want to critically challenge an understanding of scale as something fixed, structural, obdurate, and ordered. Rather we encourage a thinking of scale as something related to fluidity, mobility, networks, and continuums. Rethinking scale along these lines is important for the academic understanding of the world, as well as it is key to many of the global and planetary challenges of the immediate future. This will be discussed with reference to the notion of 'Critical Zone' at the end of the paper.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Nepal's Neutrality in Present Context -- Nepal's Neutrality Riddle -- Neutrality: Policies and Postures -- Hiding or Binding? -- Evolution of Nepal's Neutrality -- References -- 2 India's Perception of Nepal-China Relations -- Nepal's Quinquennial Missions -- Himalayas as Frontiers -- Peaceful and Stable Neighborhood -- Doubts and Suspicions -- Zone of Peace Proposal -- Policy of Securitization -- References -- 3 China's Perception of Nepal-India Relations -- How Does China Think? -- China's Wei Qi Lense -- Intruding China, Defensive India -- Tibet Factor in China's Perception -- Coping with China's Rise -- References -- 4 From Survival to Sustenance -- Nepal's Neutrality: Survival Strategy -- Beyond the Neighborhood -- Nepal's Geography: Prison or Power -- Aids and Interests -- Neutrality as Disguised Hedging -- Survival, Sustenance, and Success -- References -- 5 Relevance of Neutrality -- BRI and MCC: Antagonistic and Hostile? -- MCC Controversy and China Factor -- BRI: Balancing Strategy for Nepal -- Beijing's Growing Footprints -- BRI Projects in Limbo? -- Can MCC and BRI Go Together? -- References -- 6 Salability of Perceiving Nepal as a Small Power -- Exploring Salability -- Small States or Small Powers -- Small State Syndrome -- Small Is Beautiful -- References -- 7 Rise with Responsibilities -- New Asian Drama -- India's Neighborhood First Policy -- Himalayan Defense: Continuity and Change -- Bureaucratization of Policies -- Neo-Kautiliyan World View -- China's Neighborhood Policy -- Tibetan Question -- Insecure Borders: China's Encroachment? -- Xi Jinping Thought: Sinicization of Nepali Political Parties -- Responsible Rise? -- References -- Index.

p. 227-259 ; This article discusses the armed Polish-Lithuanian conflict during 1919–23. It flared in May 1919 when the first open clash between Lithuanian and Polish troops took place. It gradually escalated into an undeclared war and lasted until late November 1920 when, in Kaunas, both sides agreed to stop fighting along the neutral zone established by the League of Nations. However, there was no final peace agreement signed, only a truce, and low-scale paramilitary violence continued unabated in the neutral zone until as late as May 1923. The author argues that the conflict involved various paramilitary formations which terrorised the civilians in the disputed borderland. For the Lithuanian government, the war against Poland provided an opportunity for total mobilization of the Lithuanian society. The fact that, during the entire interwar period, the conflict remained open-ended, ensured that the paramilitary structures and military laws that emerged during it would remain in place for much longer. ; s. 227-259 ; This article discusses the armed Polish-Lithuanian conflict during 1919–23. It flared in May 1919 when the first open clash between Lithuanian and Polish troops took place. It gradually escalated into an undeclared war and lasted until late November 1920 when, in Kaunas, both sides agreed to stop fighting along the neutral zone established by the League of Nations. However, there was no final peace agreement signed, only a truce, and low-scale paramilitary violence continued unabated in the neutral zone until as late as May 1923. The author argues that the conflict involved various paramilitary formations which terrorised the civilians in the disputed borderland. For the Lithuanian government, the war against Poland provided an opportunity for total mobilization of the Lithuanian society. The fact that, during the entire interwar period, the conflict remained open-ended, ensured that the paramilitary structures and military laws that emerged during it would remain in place for much longer.

The need for transition -- Being in transition -- A lifetime of transitions -- Relationships in transition -- Careers in transition -- The transition process -- You have to start with an ending -- Where the heavy lifting is done-- the neutral zone -- And, finally, the beginning.

Lottaz, Iwama, and their contributors investigate the role of neutral and nonaligned European states during the negotiations for the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Focusing on the years from the Irish Resolution of 1958 until the treaty's opening for signatures ten years later, the nine chapters written by area experts highlight the processes and reasons for the political and diplomatic actions the neutrals took, and how those impacted the multilateral treaty negotiations. The book reveals new aspects of the dynamics that lead to this most consequential multilateral breakthrough of the Cold War. In part one, three chapters analyze the international system from a bird's eye perspective, discussing neutrality, nonalignment, and the nuclear order. The second part features six detailed case studies on the politics and diplomacy of Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia. Overall, this study suggests that despite the volatile and dangerous nature of the early Cold War, the balance of the strategic environment enabled actors that were not part of one or the other alliance system to play a role in the interlocking global politics that finally created the nuclear regime that defines international relations until today. A valuable resource for scholars of nonproliferation, the Cold War, neutrality, nonalignment, and area studies.

Lottaz, Iwama, and their contributors investigate the role of neutral and nonaligned European states during the negotiations for the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Focusing on the years from the Irish Resolution of 1958 until the treaty's opening for signatures ten years later, the nine chapters written by area experts highlight the processes and reasons for the political and diplomatic actions the neutrals took, and how those impacted the multilateral treaty negotiations. The book reveals new aspects of the dynamics that lead to this most consequential multilateral breakthrough of the Cold War. In part one, three chapters analyze the international system from a bird's eye perspective, discussing neutrality, nonalignment, and the nuclear order. The second part features six detailed case studies on the politics and diplomacy of Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia. Overall, this study suggests that despite the volatile and dangerous nature of the early Cold War, the balance of the strategic environment enabled actors that were not part of one or the other alliance system to play a role in the interlocking global politics that finally created the nuclear regime that defines international relations until today. A valuable resource for scholars of nonproliferation, the Cold War, neutrality, nonalignment, and area studies.