Search results

Forschung und Entwicklung werden als Treiber des technischen Fortschritts und Garanten der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit angesehen. Der Freistaat Sachsen nimmt hinsichtlich der Ausgaben für Forschung und Entwicklung im Vergleich zu den Neuen Ländern eine Spitzenposition ein und kann sich auch mit einer Reihe westdeutscher Länder messen, ausgenommen Baden-Württemberg, Bayern und Hessen. Die immer noch relativ niedrige Forschungsintensität der Wirtschaft im Vergleich zur öffentlichen Forschung ist strukturell bedingt. Auf aggregierter Ebene kompensieren die öffentlichen Forschungsausgaben dieses transformationsbedingte "Defizit". Mit Blick auf diese Situation besitzt der Technologietransfer zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft, insbesondere von Universitäten zu Unternehmen, eine hohe Bedeutung. Den Überlegungen der systemischen Innovationstheorie folgend sind verschiedene Kanäle des Transfers von Wissen zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft möglich. Dazu zählen die Auftragsforschung der Universitäten, Patentaktivitäten, Publikationen sowie Verbundprojekte. Die empirischen Befunde zu diesen ausgewählten Mechanismen des Technologietransfers lassen erkennen, dass der Freistaat Sachsen im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern eine solide Position einnimmt, aber auch noch Entwicklungspotenziale bestehen. Eine technologieoffen gestaltete Forschungspolitik kann dabei unterstützend wirksam sein.

We empirically investigate whether the persistence of politicians in political institutions affects the innovation activity of firms. We use 12,000 firm-level observations from three waves of the Italian Observatory over Small and Medium Enterprises, and introduce a measure of political persistence defined as the average length of individual political careers in political institutions of Italian municipalities. Standard OLS shows no raw correlation between political persistence and firms' innovation activity. However, once the causal effect is isolated by means of instrumental variables, using death of politicians as an exogenous source of variation of political persistence, we find a robust negative relation between political persistence and the probability of process innovation. This finding is consistent with the view that political stability may hinder firms' incentive to innovate to maintain their competitiveness, as long as they can extract rents from long-term connections with politicians.

This paper develops a framework for testing discrete complementarities in innovation policy using European data on obstacles to innovation. We propose a discrete test of supermodularity in innovation policy leading to a number of inequality constraints. We apply our test to two types of innovation decisions: to innovate or not, and if so, by how much. We find that industries display a considerable amount of complementarity, with some industries being complementary across all obstacles. We also find that the lack internal human capital (skilled personnel) is complementary to all the other obstacles in almost all industries. In this sense, our results suggest that internal human capital is key for any innovation policy, insofar that it is complementary to all the other factors that might hamper innovation activities. ; In diesem Beitrag wird die Innovationsfähigkeit von Unternehmen in Abhängigkeit von Standortfaktoren – wie etwa die Bereitstellung von Risikokapital, staatliche Regulierungen, und qualifizierte Mitarbeiter – als komplementäres System modelliert. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie die neue Komplementaritätstheorie in der empirischen Innovationsforschung angewandt werden kann, indem die Innovationsfunktion von Unternehmen auf die Eigenschaft der Supermodularität hin überprüft wird. Unter Berücksichtigung dieses Ansatzes wird, anhand von Innovationsdaten aus der CIS Datenbank, die Komplementaritätshypothese für eine Reihe von Industrien und Länder untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, daß viele Branchen von einem beträchtlichen Maße an Komplementarität gekennzeichnet sind. Damit bestätigen die Befunde, daß Innovationen, in bestimmten Branchen, ein koordiniertes Handeln der unterschiedlichen Standortfaktoren voraussetzt. Als höchst komplementär zu allen anderen Standortfaktoren in fast allen Industriezweigen erweist sich der Mangel an qualifiziertem Humankapital. In diesem Sinne bekräftigen unsere Ergebnisse die These, daß Humankapital der Schlüssel für jede Innovationspolitik ist, insbesondere aufgrund der komplementären Beziehung zu allen anderen Faktoren.

The economic consequences of migration are hotly debated and a main topic of recent populist movements across Europe. We analyze Polish immigration in the context of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union and find a positive and significant spillover effect of the immigrants on the number of local inventors in German counties in 2001-2010. For causal identification, we exploit a historical episode in the Polish migration history to Germany before the fall of the Iron Curtain and construct a shift-share instrument. Our results differ from findings for high-skilled migration to the United States, which is particularly interesting as Polish immigration to Germany was not based on selection by qualification in our period of analysis.

Recently the importance of public investment in the EU digital internal market has been increasingly stressed. The paper analyses how government subsidies for ICT investments should be assessed from an economic point of view. The focus is on the limits of financing ICT via usage-dependent user fees in broadband communication systems and in global navigation satellite systems. Both have the character of a General Purpose Technology (GPT), and they form the basis for a multitude of applications that are important in the 'App economy'.

Der Freistaat Bayern hat im Jahr 1999 mit der High-Tech-Offensive als erstes Bundesland in Deutschland eine landesweite »Clusterpolitik« eingeführt, die insbesondere auf Unternehmen in fünf Technologiefeldern ausgerichtet war. Die Politikmaßnahme sollte die Infrastruktur stärken und damit die Kooperation zwischen Unternehmen, zwischen Unternehmen und dem Forschungssektor sowie zwischen Unternehmen und dem Finanzsektor fördern und damit die Innovationsaktivität von Unternehmen stärken. Unter Verwendung eines Differenz-in-Differenzen-Ansatzes und von Daten aus dem ifo Innovationstest wird in diesem Beitrag gezeigt, dass die bayerische Politikmaßnahme eine positive Wirkung auf die Innovationsaktivität der Unternehmen in Bayern hatte. Unternehmen in einem der fünf Technologiefelder in Bayern weisen durch die Politikmaßnahme in den folgenden Jahren eine um 5,77 Prozentpunkte höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit zu innovieren auf.

Abstract. Revolution is an historical process that generates a rapid and radical (social, economic and political) change in society. This conceptual paper shows basic characteristics, taxonomies and situational causes of revolution. Moreover, this study also suggests that acurrent and distinct form of revolution, not included in previous studies, is terrorism. Overall, then, it seems that terrorism has many analogies with some drivers of revolution (e.g., economic, social, political and demographic determinants) and can generate changes in society, similarly to revolutions.Keywords. Social change, Political change, Structural change, Internal war, Rebellion, Insurrection, Coup d'État, Terrorism.JEL. N30, O30, O31, I23.

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the innovation capacity of the rural economic institution and its impact on institutional performance.Research was conducted by interviewing 111 managers of rural economic institutions in Semarang regency, Indonesia. Factors of policy and regulation, development of innovation infrastructure, assistance and integration of knowledge were used to analyze the role of the Government and Higher Education in the village innovation system. The institutional management and innovation culture capacity factors were used to analyze the role of rural economic institutions. Policy and regulatory factors, innovation infrastructure, management capacity, assistance capacity, innovation culture and knowledge integration were measured based on the preference of the rural economic institution manager. The qualitative model was examined through an empirical analysis to fulfill the proposed aim of the research.The results of the study showed that: the influential factors on the innovation capacity in rural areas were policy and regulation support, innovation infrastructure, management capacity, innovation culture and knowledge management. Innovation Capacity had a positive impact on institutional performance.The implication of this study highlighted the importance of strengthening institutional and knowledge-based rural economic organizations which was integrated among stakeholders as actors in the rural innovation system.

Innovationspolitik wird von Akteuren auf unterschiedlichen Handlungsebenen (Bund, Land, Region, EU) gestaltet. Die von den jeweils Handelnden intendierten Wirkungen sind auf allen Ebenen darauf gerichtet, durch entsprechende Fördermaßnahmen die internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der heimischen Wirtschaft zu erhöhen und dadurch Wachstum und Beschäftigung zu steigern. Welcher Abstimmungsbedarf hiermit verbunden ist, wird mit Blick auf die Bundesländer thematisiert und exemplarisch am Beispiel Sachsens ausgeführt.

Compulsory licensing allows firms in developing countries to produce foreign-owned inventions without the consent of foreign patent owners. This paper uses an exogenous event of compulsory licensing after World War I under the Trading with the Enemy Act to examine the effects of compulsory licensing on domestic invention. Difference-in-differences analyses of nearly 130,000 chemical inventions suggest that compulsory licensing increased domestic invention by 20 percent. (JEL D45, L24, N42, O31, O34)

In 2019, the European Commission introduced sustainability and European values at the centre of its long-term policy agenda. The European Green Deal sets out the direction for the EU to become climate-neutral by 2050. The UN Sustainable Development Goals will orient policy efforts and reforms in the years to come, in Europe and beyond. This is an innovation-driven policy agenda for new systemic solutions and employment creation reaping the opportunities from the ecological and digital transitions. The challenge now facing the EU is to implement it.The JRC is the science service of the Commission. We provide science for policy supporting public policy makers at all levels in the EU. JRC Directorate B, led by Mikel Landabaso, develops scientific evidence for innovation and growth policy relevant for all Commission priorities. Unit B3, under the leadership of Alessandro Rainoldi, focuses on territorial development. How can regions, cities and communities engage in the EU policy agenda in a bottom-up approach to create jobs and value added for its citizens? How can scientific evidence ensure continuous policy learning, detecting the effects of EU policies across Europe, and enabling policies to be refined for the benefit of society? For a successful implementation of the European Green Deal, these questions are more relevant and timely than ever.To construct the academic and conceptual base for these questions, JRC turned to two internationally recognized experts in innovation and place-based policy, Professor Philip McCann and Professor Luc Soete to explore how science for policy can support the implementation of the European Green Deal and the new EU policy for sustainable development. Their report presents their reflections, backed up by a consultation with a broader academic community gathering expertise in both innovation policy and regional development policy.

We study the interactions between innovation and economic growth in G20 countries over 1961–2019. We establish whether there is a temporal causality between these two variables. Employing the autoregressive distributive lag framework, our results expose a grid of short-run and long-run causal relationships between innovation and growth, including long-run unidirectional causality from innovation to economic growth. Overall, our findings shed light on the real effects of innovation on economic growth.JEL Codes: O38, O31, O32