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The written legacy of the Transylvanian princes preserved in Ukrainian archival funds is a less researched area. The aim of the article is to shed light on the documentary heritage of two Transylvanian princes preserved by the archival funds of Ukraine. The methodology of the research is based on the description of the sources, with the help of which new data is introduced into the scientific stream. Archival-descriptive methods were applied that can be used to exploit the historical data in the records. The scientific novelty of the article is about exploring sources that have not been published so far or have already been mentioned in the foreign literature, but are less known in the historical literature of Ukraine. Conclusions: The present study covers the documentary legacy of two princes, György Rákóczi I (1593-1648) and his great-grandson Ferenc Rákóczi II (1676-1735), examining the letters in the State Archives of the Transcarpathian Region, which were signed by them. Although the Transylvanian princes were not independent rulers, they left a significant mark in European history in the administrative, military and political spheres. Their military-political careers had an impact on the peoples of the region, the Ukrainians, the Hungarians, the Poles and the Germans alike. Of all the princes of the Rákóczi dynasty, the documentary legacy of the princes mentioned above is the richest in the State Archives of the Transcarpathian Region. The princes in question were suffering in the European space between the two great powers of the time, the Habsburgs and the Turkish Empire, and could succeed only with great effort. Letters, decrees, and other orders written or issued in the princely chancelleries, the description of which appears in this article, are essentially the result of the present research. These expand the image of the relationship between the peoples living in the principality and the Rákóczis, who often acted in political coercion. A detailed examination of the princes' letters of donation, the treaties with the rulers, or the relations with the poor peasantry may be of interest for further research

En 1704, François II Rákóczi fut élu prince de Transylvanie par la diète de ce pays. Avec un appui militaire français, il mena la guerre contre le roi Habsbourg de Hongrie, Léopold puis Joseph. S'il obtint des succès en Hongrie et même la déchéance de Joseph en 1707, il ne parvint jamais à chasser les Impériaux des parties de la Transylvanie qu'ils tenaient. Lorsque le sort des armes tourna en Hongrie, Rákóczi tenta vainement d'insérer la Transylvanie dans le règlement de la paix générale. Des Hongrois traitèrent avec l'Empereur en 1711 et pour Rákóczi commença le temps de l'exil.

According to the last Ukrainian census in 2001, 152 thousand people declared Hungarianethnicity in Transcarpathia. Since that time, there is no reliable and up-to-date data on theethno-demographic development of the region's population. It is especially hard to register themigration flows particularly salient since the outbreak of the armed conflict in East Ukrainein 2014. Based on four data sources (official Ukrainian and Hungarian statistics and tworepresentative surveys), the present study aims at revealing the volume of the permanent andtemporary migration of Hungarians in Transcarpathia and its impact on their number. Wefound that the same migration flow is associated with various figures by each of the data sourcesconducted with different methods and by different actors. According to the more reliable surveys,9 to 14 thousand ethnic Hungarians emigrated from Transcarpathia since 2001; consequently,the number of Hungarians is estimated at approximately 130 thousand people in the beginningof 2017.

En este artículo se rastrea la actividad diplomática de Saavedra Fajardo en el contexto de la Guerra de los Treinta Años, así como sus posiciones relativas a las relaciones de diversos estados europeos con las potencias protestantes o el Imperio Otomano. ; In this article, the author tracks Saavedra Fajardo's diplomatic activity within the Thirty Years' War context together with his positions regarding the relationships of various European States with Protestant Powers or the Ottoman Empire.

Examines two seemingly mistaken verdicts of the National Council for the Study of Securitate Archives, the agency in charge of unmasking former Securitate (Romanian political police) collaborators; case study of investigations of presidential candidate Ilie Iliescu and parliamentary candidate of the Transylvanian Hungarian minority Ludovic Rakoczi; 2000 elections.

Durant la guerre de Succession d'Espagne (1701-1716), le roi Louis XIV soutient la révolte menée par le prince Ferenc II Rákóczi en Hongrie. Sous la coupe de la maison d'Autriche et du Saint-Empire romain germanique depuis 1596, ce pays cherche à s'émanciper et menace les positions habsbourgeoises. Ce soulèvement est un bienfait pour la France, confrontée à une coalition de pays européens, car il lui permet d'avoir un allié de revers occupant une partie des forces adverses. Afin de soutenir ce mouvement, les Hongrois souhaitent que leur armée et celle de France se rejoignent pour pouvoir définitivement l'emporter sur la maison d'Autriche. Mais Louis XIV se contente d'envoyer de l'argent et des soldats pour maintenir la révolte. Cette aide matérielle se double de démarches diplomatiques destinées à empêcher les négociations de paix entre la Hongrie et le Saint-Empire et à soutenir des liens avec des pays plus favorables à la cause française. Versailles, à partir de 1709, diminue son aide à la Hongrie qui, suite à de multiples revers, traite la paix avec l'Empire en 1711, contraignant Rákóczi à s'exiler en France.

In 1634 the Ottoman Emperor, Murad IV (r. 1623–1640), decided to lead a campaign against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He wanted to request military support from the Prince of Transylvania, György Rákóczi I (r. 1630–1648), but the prince tried to avoid it, because at that time he had been struggling with his political enemies, who endangered his rule in Transylvania. In the same year, the Habsburgs sent an ambassador (Johann Rudolf von Puchheim) to Constantinople, who tried to dissuade the Sublime Porte from leading a military campaign against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The idea of that mediation came from the former Vizier of Buda and at that time, the commander of the Ottoman army, Pasha Murteza, because he did not want this war either. Prince Rákóczi, Puchheim, Trzebiński (Aleksander, the Polish envoy) and Murteza all wanted to stall for time in relation to that campaign. In this article, the author investigates the aims and the problem-solving strategies of the Habsburg, the Transylvanian, the Polish and also the Ottoman elite in that situation. The war against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not take place in the end, because Murad IV began a campaign against the Safavid Empire.

In this article, the author tracks Saavedra Fajardo's diplomatic activity within the Thirty Years' War context together with his positions regarding the relationships of various European States with Protestant Powers or the Ottoman Empire. ; En este artículo se rastrea la actividad diplomática de Saavedra Fajardo en el contexto de la Guerra de los Treinta Años, así como sus posiciones relativas a las relaciones de diversos estados europeos con las potencias protestantes o el Imperio Otomano.

ABSTRACT:The funerals and reburials of prominent Hungarian leaders (Count Lajos Batthyány, Ferenc Deák, Lajos Kossuth and Prince Ferenc Rákóczi II) over the course of the Dualist decades (1867–1918) – a time period when Hungary was integrated into a federal structure with Austria – were important moments in the imagining of Hungarian national identity. The article argues that turn-of-the-century Budapest served not just as stage for patriotic mythmaking on the occasion of these funeral ceremonies but was both affected by and shaped the former's content and significance.

The paper describes the Palanok Castle in the Zakarpattya in Western Ukraine. This is one of the most popular tourist sites in Ukraine, famous not only of turbulent history and military architecture, but also interesting geology and incomparable scenic views. The recent castle was built in the XIVth century at the top of Sarmatian-Early Pannonian hornblende-pyroxene andesite plug, which rises 68 meters above the surrounding plain. The castle includes lower, central and upper parts with 130 rooms of total area about 14 000 m2. In 2008 over 100,000 visitors have arrived from Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary, which generated over 50,000 EUR profit. Recently, the castle is a site of regional museum, modern painting gallery and thematic exhibition "The wooden churches of Zakarpattya".//W artykule opisano zamek "Palanok", położony na Zakarpaciu, w Zachodniej Ukrainie. Jest to jeden z najpopularniejszych obiektów turystycznych Ukrainy, słynny nie tylko ze względu na burzliwą historię i ciekawą architekturę obronną, ale także interesującą geologię i niezwykłe widoki. Współczesny zamek wybudowany został w XIV w. na szczycie komina andezytowego, wznoszącego się 68 metrów ponad otaczającą równinę. Andezyty hornblendowo-piroksenowe pochodzą z sarmatu-wczesnego pannonu. Zamek składa się z zamku dolnego, środkowego i górnego. Jest tu ok. 130 komnat o łącznej powierzchni ponad 14 000 m2. W roku 2008 zamek odwiedziło ponad 100 000 turystów z Ukrainy, Słowacji, Polski i Węgier, co przyniosło dochód przekraczający 50 000 EUR. Obecnie w zamku mieści się muzuem regionalne, galeria malarstwa nowoczesnego oraz wystawa tematyczna "Drewniane świątynie Zakarpacia".

« La vie agraire de la France apparaît, à partir du XVIIIe siècle, au plein jour de l'histoire », disait Marc Bloch . La vie agraire de la Hongrie apparaît, elle aussi, à partir du XVIIIe siècle, avec des traits plus clairs qu'auparavant. Et en même temps avec des traits nouveaux. Après la domination turque qui dura un siècle et demi, après les seize années de la guerre de libération (1683-99), puis après la guerre d'indépendance de Ràkoczi (1703-11), les territoires du Centre et du Midi, les plus précieux au point de vue agricole, pouvaient enfin se réintégrer à la vie du pays. Une nouvelle étape s'ouvrait, la dernière de l'ancien régime : en Hongrie, elle ne se termina qu'en 1848.

International audience ; The topic of this study is about the changes of the Hungarian military though during a long 18th century. The first part of this evolution concerns the activity of the count Nicolas Zrínyi, the first modern Hungarian military writer inspired by the Italian and French thinkers and who leaves us important military works in Hungarian language which became an essential reading for the next generations. The second stage of this evolution is situated in the period of the Hungarian war of independence (1703-1711) of the prince Francis Rákóczi II who translates himself French military works into Hungarian. The era of enlightenment is also characterized by the presence of French and German languages which deeply influenced the Hungarian military terminology.The great change takes place at the end of the 18th and in the beginning of the 19th centuries when the national program of the elaboration of the new scientific Hungarian language is set up. It manifests himself by the creation of new Hungarian concepts in the spirit of a purist linguistic policy. We are witnessing an upsurge of dual technical terminology (in foreign languages as well as in Hungarian) which continues persistently in the military literature. ; Le sujet de cette étude porte sur les changements de conception dans la pensée militaire hongroise à travers un long xviiie siècle. La première partie de cette évolution concerne l'œuvre du comte Nicolas Zrínyi, premier grand penseur hongrois modern qui s'inspire des penseurs italiens et français et qui laisse une littérature militaire fondamentale en hongrois à la fin du xviie siècle, une référence incontournable pour les penseurs ultérieurs. La seconde étape de l'évolution se situe à l'époque de la guerre d'indépendance hongroise (1703-1711) du prince François II Rákóczi, qui lui-même traduit des ouvrages militaires français en hongrois. Le siècle des Lumières en Hongrie est également caractérisé par la présence de la langue française et aussi de la langue allemande qui influencent ...