Der Forstsektor ? inklusive Entwaldung und Waldzerstörung ? trägt in etwa 20% der globalen anthropogenen Treibhausgasemissionen und liegt damit nur knapp hinter dem Energiesektor und dem Industriesektor. Vor dem Hintergrund der andauernden Entwaldung in den Tropen entstand im Jahr 2008 eine neue Initiative mit dem Namen Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Obwohl einzelne Designelemente dieses Mechanismus bereits extensiv erforscht wurden, besteht immer noch ein Mangel an Information über die Rolle der EU. Da REDD+ ein effektives Mittel zum Klimaschutz ist und in der Zukunft weiter entwickelt werden sollte, versucht also folgende Forschungsfrage zu beantworten: Wie kann die EU ihre Verhandlungsposition verbessern um eine führende Rolle in den internationalen REDD+ Richtlinienverhandlungen zu erreichen?Diese Arbeit gliedert sich in 6 Kapitel und beginnt mit einer Einführung in die Thematik des Klimawandels. Darauf folgt eine Zusammenfassung der Optionen des Umgangs mit dem Klimawandel, bevor REDD+ und seine Designelemente im Detail erläutert werden. Diese theoretischen Kapitel werden gefolgt vom empirischen Teil, welcher vor allem die Ergebnisse der Interviews und deren Analyse darstellt. Die Experteninterviews wurden nach der Methode der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse geführt, verarbeitet und analysiert. Das letzte Kapitel zieht Schlussfolgerungen aus den Ergebnissen und inkludiert Empfehlungen für die Verhandelnden der EU, wie die Verhandlungsposition der EU in den internationalen REDD+ Verhandlungen verbessert werden kann. Sie solle Lehren aus dem FLEGT Action Plan ziehen und ihre Erfahrung mit der Lizenzierung von Holzprodukten nutzen, um den Fokus der Verhandlungen weg von technischen Details und hin zu einem neuen Ansatz lenken, welcher die Rolle von Agrarprodukten innerhalb des REDD+ Mechanismus behandelt. ; The forestry sector - including deforestation and forest degradation - accounts for approximately 20% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, only after the energy supply sector and the industry sector. In light of on-going deforestation in the humid tropics, a new initiative called Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) came to life in 2008. Although a lot of research has been done on several design elements of the REDD+ mechanism, there is a lack of information on the role of the EU. Because REDD+ is worth expanding in the future as an effective tool for climate change mitigation, the paper therefore aims to find answers to the following research question: How can the EU improve its negotiation position to obtain a leading role in global REDD+ policy debates?The paper is divided into 6 chapters and sets out with an introduction to climate change, its causes and its impacts. This introduction is followed by a synopsis of possible ways of dealing with climate change, before REDD+ and its design elements are discussed in detail in another chapter. These theoretical chapters are followed by the empirical part of the paper which mainly presents the results of the interviews and the analysis thereof. The expert interviews were conducted, processed and analysed according to the method of qualitative content analysis. The last chapter draws conclusions from the results and includes recommendations for EU negotiators as to how to improve the EU?s negotiation position in international REDD+ negotiations, namely as to draw lessons from the FLEGT Action Plan and use its experience with the licensing of timber to shift the focus of the negotiations from technical details to a new approach which addresses the role of agricultural commodities within the REDD+ mechanism. ; vorgelegt von Jacqueline Steindl ; Zsfassungen in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)243304
REDD is one of the latest additions to a series of incentive-based mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions. Many developing and emerging countries have started engaging in REDD. Peru, the country with the world's fourth largest area of tropical forest, is no exception here – with an obvious motivation: about half of Peru's annual greenhouse gas emissions are currently caused by deforestation. Over the last years, public and private initiatives have led to a complex multi-level REDD governance architecture in Peru. This architecture faces challenges in terms of social inclusion and coordination. This study identifies and analyses key issues, some of which are merely teething problems, while others are deeply rooted in socio-economic imbalances and political culture, such as insufficient financial, technical and human capacities of ministries and regional governments; legitimacy gaps; and information and participation asymmetries across public actors, NGOs, companies and forest users. The study presents policy recommendations for addressing some of these challenges. These include: streamlining REDD processes with policies of other sectors; formalizing channels of communication and consultation; and providing a clear legal and institutional framework that encompasses the push and pull factors driving deforestation in Peru.
The discussion of climate change has entered the international political stage since the 1980s, and as an international response, UNFCCC was founded as a forum to handle this issue. UNFCCC has produced the Kyoto Protocol – an agreement which obligates nations to halt the rapid effect of global warming. Through the course of its life, the Protocol has been regarded as incompetent in achieving the goals uttered in the convention. Further discussion was needed, and the later forums finally decide to improve the protocol by establishing REDD, a proposal which focuses specifically on green house gas emissions from forestry. To this present moment, REDD has remained a non-binding and unofficial agreement, but REDD has been applied in many states, therefore its effectivity remains a question worth asking. By using a mixed method approach, and studying documents to achieve adequate amount of data, this research attempts to answer the questions regarding the effectivity of the REDD mechanism. The international regime theory approach will be used, which focuses on the theory of regime effectiveness, implementation concept and compliance. This research concludes that REDD falls under the category "mixed-performance regimes" which is indicated by the complexity of the problem encountered, obvious from the appearance of conflicts of interest in the forum, which results to agreements which are very often rather normative. On the other hand, the problem-solving capability in the regimes is competent, indicated by the presence of a scientific body which provides current information about the issue and another body which is responsible for watching the progress of policy-implementation, and the availability of the funding. The combination of these two aspects have resulted in a regime which progresses rather slowly.
This paper examines the extent to which the Indonesian government has reduced its greenhouse gases emissions coming from deforestation and forest degradation by using REDD program. Such program is highly regarded as a sophisticated instrument to foster collaboration between developing and developed countries in slashing the rate of deforestation. Indonesia itself has enacted the program as a national policy since 2009 under former President Yudhoyono. In this article, the secondary research method is utilized to gather data as well as adopting a qualitative approach to analyse the topic. This paper has found that Indonesia's policy to curb the emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by conducting REDD program has not yet been successful, because of weaknesses in the implementation. They include the limitation of President's power in driving policy; the ineffective of information exchange; the inability to do Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) activities; and contradiction in the decentralization process with regards to REDD implementation. However, some achievements are identified: a slow decline in the rate of deforestation and forest degradation; the continuity partnership between Indonesia and Norway; and the more participation of local stakeholder in supporting REDD program.
In the past decade, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) has become a major issue in international negotiations on climate change mitigation. REDD+'s principle is to offer a reward to countries with tropical forests in exchange of their commitment to reduce deforestation. The success of this mechanism is partly explained by a financial argument: part of the literature in economics on the costs associated with climate change mitigation has spread the idea that REDD+ could be an inexpensive option to reduce greenhouse gases. However, these studies are based on a restricted conception of deforestation, which is reduced to a matter of incentives and opportunity costs: the proposed solution consists in paying land-owners an amount equivalent to the benefits they would yield by exploiting the forest. In this thesis, we depart from the narrow conception of evaluations of REDD+ based on opportunity costs and develop an alternative method. We adopt an in situ methodology that aims at evaluating the real costs of REDD+ projects in Madagascar. We started by questioning the environmental and social efficiency of these projects. We then used an evaluative approach to identify concrete policies and measures that (would) improve their efficiency and equity, before estimating their costs. ; Le mécanisme de Réductions des Emissions issues de la Déforestation et de la Dégradation des forêts (REDD+) est devenu au cours de la dernière décennie l'un des sujets phares des négociations internationales sur le changement climatique. Ce mécanisme consiste à rémunérer les pays forestiers tropicaux pour leurs efforts en faveur de la réduction de la déforestation. Le succès de la REDD+ repose en grande partie sur un argument financier : une partie de la littérature économique sur le coût de la lutte contre le changement climatique a popularisé l'idée selon laquelle la REDD+ serait une option peu coûteuse pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Ces études sont toutefois basées sur une vision strictement économique de la déforestation, qui est réduite à un problème d'incitation et de compensation du coût d'opportunité : la solution envisagée consiste à payer les propriétaires des terres forestières d'un montant équivalent aux revenus tirés de l'exploitation de la forêt. Partant du constat que ce cadre d'analyse de la déforestation est trop restrictif, la thèse développe une méthodologie alternative aux évaluations du coût de la REDD+ basées sur l'estimation des coûts d'opportunité, en adoptant une méthode in situ consistant à évaluer les coûts réels des projets REDD+ existants à Madagascar. Questionnant l'efficacité de ces projets sur le plan environnemental et social, nous avons adopté une démarche évaluative afin d'identifier des politiques et des mesures concrètes permettant d'améliorer l'efficacité et l'équité des projets, pour ensuite en estimer le coût.
There is a new international policy focus on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), as well as promoting forest conservation, the sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD-plus). The recent Conference of Parties meeting of 196 countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Cancun, Mexico (December 2010) was able to advance initiatives on REDD-plus even while there was limited progress on fossil fuel related aspects of an international climate change agreement. The Cancun meeting recognised that there was strong and broad support for REDD-plus and was able to agree to the development of a formal Mechanism under the UNFCCC for incentivizing REDD-plus activities. Implementing the Mechanism is another matter, and will require the development and coordination of country REDD-plus readiness and financing, including detailed consideration of country reference levels, measurement, reporting and verification methodologies, and sub-national and national program coordination.
Diffusion du document : publique Diplôme : Dr. d'Université ; International economic instruments for the reduction of tropical deforestation: the example of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation). Abstract: Curbing deforestation in tropical countries is one of the main current challenges for international community in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Indeed, deforestation is the second leading cause of greenhouse gas emissions just behind industrial emissions. Since 2005, a new instrument to slow down CO2 emissions from tropical deforestation is under negotiations at the UNFCCC. This mechanism, called REDD+ (for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) is supported by a simple principle: it consists to reward developing countries for their efforts to avoid deforestation. However, the national and international implementations of REDD+ raise lot of methodological questions and meet several hurdles. The aims of the thesis are twofold. First, it proposes a description and an analysis of the REDD+ mechanism. Second, it is composed by three essays, which raise some questions about REDD+ design and implementation, in order to offer new perspectives on this mechanism. The first essay develops a game-theoretic bargaining model, simulating the on-going negotiation process over the REDD+ mechanism. It shows that the conditions under which developing countries are left to bargain over the allocation of the global forest fund may lead to an ineffective system of incentives. The second essay used a panel data analysis to reveal contrasted deforestation behaviors of tropical countries according to their relative endowment in forest cover. The aim of the third essay offered an illustration of REDD+ implementation, comparing the outcomes in terms of avoided deforestation and utility of two payments for environmental services designs for two types of governments. The model developed in this article is applied in the Indonesian context of deforestation, ...
Diffusion du document : publique Diplôme : Dr. d'Université ; International economic instruments for the reduction of tropical deforestation: the example of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation). Abstract: Curbing deforestation in tropical countries is one of the main current challenges for international community in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Indeed, deforestation is the second leading cause of greenhouse gas emissions just behind industrial emissions. Since 2005, a new instrument to slow down CO2 emissions from tropical deforestation is under negotiations at the UNFCCC. This mechanism, called REDD+ (for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) is supported by a simple principle: it consists to reward developing countries for their efforts to avoid deforestation. However, the national and international implementations of REDD+ raise lot of methodological questions and meet several hurdles. The aims of the thesis are twofold. First, it proposes a description and an analysis of the REDD+ mechanism. Second, it is composed by three essays, which raise some questions about REDD+ design and implementation, in order to offer new perspectives on this mechanism. The first essay develops a game-theoretic bargaining model, simulating the on-going negotiation process over the REDD+ mechanism. It shows that the conditions under which developing countries are left to bargain over the allocation of the global forest fund may lead to an ineffective system of incentives. The second essay used a panel data analysis to reveal contrasted deforestation behaviors of tropical countries according to their relative endowment in forest cover. The aim of the third essay offered an illustration of REDD+ implementation, comparing the outcomes in terms of avoided deforestation and utility of two payments for environmental services designs for two types of governments. The model developed in this article is applied in the Indonesian context of deforestation, ...
Intro -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. REDD+ An Overview -- 1.2.1. What Is REDD+? -- 1.2.2. Phased Approach -- 1.3. Objectives -- 1.4. Book Outline -- Chapter 2 -- Cambodian Forest -- 2.1. Geography and Climate -- 2.2. Forest Resources -- 2.3. Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Cambodia -- 2.4. Forest Concession Management in Cambodia -- 2.5. Community Forest Management -- 2.6. REDD+ in Cambodia -- Chapter 3 -- Forest Cover Monitoring Based on Full Polarimetric PALSAR Data -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Study Area -- 3.2.1. Land Cover Map of the Study Area -- 3.3. Methodology -- 3.3.1. Polarimetric Decompositions -- 3.3.2. Cloude-Pottier Decomposition -- 3.3.3. Target Decomposition Theorem of Freeman and Durden (1998) -- 3.3.4. Target Decomposition Theorem of Yamaguchi (2006) -- 3.3.5. Classification Technique -- 3.4. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 -- Forests and Deforestation Characterization Using PALSAR Data -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Methodology -- 4.2.1. Satellite Data -- 4.2.2. Field Data -- 4.2.3. Data Processing -- 4.2.4. Polarimetric Decomposition Parameters -- 4.2.5. Radar Vegetation Index -- 4.2.6. Pedestal Height -- 4.2.7. Three-Component and Four-Component Based Target Decomposition -- 4.3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 -- Deforested Area Height Estimation: DEMs Data -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Study Area -- 5.2.1. Land Use Land Cover Map of the Study Area -- 5.3. Methodology -- 5.3.1. Satellite Data -- 5.3.1.1. Glas -- 5.3.1.2. SRTM-DEM -- 5.3.1.3. ASTER GDEM Data -- 5.3.1.4. PRISM-DSM Data -- 5.3.2. Field Data -- 5.3.3. Data Processing -- 5.4. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 -- PALSAR 50m Mosaic Data Based National Level Biomass Estimation -- 6.1. Introduction
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Diffusion du document : publique Diplôme : Dr. d'Université ; International economic instruments for the reduction of tropical deforestation: the example of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation). Abstract: Curbing deforestation in tropical countries is one of the main current challenges for international community in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Indeed, deforestation is the second leading cause of greenhouse gas emissions just behind industrial emissions. Since 2005, a new instrument to slow down CO2 emissions from tropical deforestation is under negotiations at the UNFCCC. This mechanism, called REDD+ (for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) is supported by a simple principle: it consists to reward developing countries for their efforts to avoid deforestation. However, the national and international implementations of REDD+ raise lot of methodological questions and meet several hurdles. The aims of the thesis are twofold. First, it proposes a description and an analysis of the REDD+ mechanism. Second, it is composed by three essays, which raise some questions about REDD+ design and implementation, in order to offer new perspectives on this mechanism. The first essay develops a game-theoretic bargaining model, simulating the on-going negotiation process over the REDD+ mechanism. It shows that the conditions under which developing countries are left to bargain over the allocation of the global forest fund may lead to an ineffective system of incentives. The second essay used a panel data analysis to reveal contrasted deforestation behaviors of tropical countries according to their relative endowment in forest cover. The aim of the third essay offered an illustration of REDD+ implementation, comparing the outcomes in terms of avoided deforestation and utility of two payments for environmental services designs for two types of governments. The model developed in this article is applied in the Indonesian context of deforestation, thanks to a database supplied by the NGO Conservation International. ; Réduire la déforestation dans les pays tropicaux est un des principaux défis pour la communauté internationale dans le cadre du processus de négociations de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur le Changement Climatique (CCNUCC). En effet, la déforestation est la seconde source d'émissions de gaz à effets de serre, juste derrière les émissions industrielles. Depuis 2005, un nouvel instrument international pour réduire les émissions de carbone liées à la déforestation tropicale est en négociation à la CCNUCC. Ce mécanisme, appelé REDD+ (Réduction des Emissions liées à la Déforestation et Dégradation des forêts) repose sur un système de compensation financière des pays en développement pour leurs efforts en termes de déforestation évitée. Cependant, la mise en oeuvre du mécanisme REDD+ à l'échelle nationale et internationale soulève de nombreux problèmes méthodologiques et rencontre de nombreux obstacles. Le but de la thèse est double. Dans une première partie, une description et une analyse du mécanisme REDD+ est réalisée. Dans une deuxième partie, de nouvelles perspectives concernant le design du mécanisme REDD+ et sur sa mise en oeuvre sont offertes, en se basant sur trois essais rédigés en format article. Le premier essai propose un modèle de théorie des jeux reflétant le processus de négociation Nord-Sud du mécanisme REDD. Il étudie les conditions régissant le partage de fonds entre les pays en développement et leurs impacts sur l'efficacité du système d'incitations. Le deuxième essai utilise un modèle en économétrie de panel pour différencier des comportements nationaux de déforestation selon la dotation relative en forêts de chaque pays. Le troisième essai s'intéresse à la mise en oeuvre du mécanisme REDD+, en comparant les résultats de deux programmes de paiement pour services environnementaux pour deux types de gouvernements. Le modèle développé dans cet essai est ensuite testé dans le contexte de la déforestation en Indonésie, grâce à une base de données fournie par l'ONG Conservation International.
