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The language of rights is increasingly used to regulate access to health care and allocation of resources in the health care field. The right to health has been grounded on different theories of justice. Scholars within the liberal tradition have grounded the right to health care on Rawls's two principles of justice. Thus, the right to health care has been justified as being one of the basic liberties, as enabling equality of opportunity, or as being justified by the maximin principle. In this article, Filc analyzes—from a radical egalitarian standpoint—the limitations of the different attempts to ground an equal right to health on Rawls's theory of justice and offers a first approximation to a radical egalitarian formulation of the right to health.

Health rights are a common but controversial legal phenomenon. Every country is signatory to a treaty that incorporates health rights, yet existing health rights do not fit easily into the traditional "claim right" model, and questions remain over how to theoretically incorporate health rights into domestic systems. The Pluralist Right to Health Care addresses this incongruity between theory and practice with an account of the right to health care that is both philosophically and practically sound. Utilizing a pluralist framework, Michael Da Silva argues that the right to health care is best understood as a set of claims to related ends: the goods necessary for a dignified existence, procedural fairness in determining what other goods to provide and in the provision of goods, and a functioning health care system. Through philosophical reasoning, analysis of relevant international human rights law, and a close study of the Canadian case, The Pluralist Right to Health Care provides crucial insight into the potential of law and policy to improve health care systems in Canada and beyond

On the grounds of the fundamental value of the human rights, which is the human dignity, this article describes a basis of the right to health care in terms of quality, discloses its concept, reviews the spheres of health system in which this right is exercised: health care and public health. The right to health care is stressed as one of the fundamental rights, without which the person will not able to enjoy other rights: economic, political and social rights. It comprises the right to enjoy the best physical and mental health. The right to health care is not absolute in itself: efficiency of its implementation depends upon both ability of administrative and institutional systems, which were created by the state, to properly implement the assigned functions and upon the individual, its state of health and lifestyle. ; Visuotinėje žmogaus teisių deklaracijoje tvirtinama, kad "kiekvienas […] turi teisę realizuoti […] ekonomines, socialines ir kultūrines teises, reikalingas, nepakeičiamas savo orumui [.]; šios teisės užtikrina egzistenciją, vertą žmogaus orumo."53 Iš prigimtinio orumo kyla kiekvieno žmogaus teisė į aukščiausio pasiekiamo lygio fizinę ir psichinę sveikatą54. Antra žmogaus teisių karta (ekonominių, socialinių, kultūrinių) priima radikalius sprendimus: įtvirtinama teisė į sveikatos apsaugą, motyvuojant, jog asmeniui svarbios ne tik pilietinės, politinės teisės, bet būtinos ir orios gyvenimo sąlygos, o teisė į sveikatos apsaugą yra viena jų. Tarptautinės teisės aktų nuostatų analizė rodo, kad teisė į sveikatos apsaugą tarptautinėse sutartyse, deklaracijose evoliucionavo nuo sveikatos, kaip pagrindinės žmogaus vertybės, iki savarankiškos teisės, kuriai įgyvendinti skiriama vis konkretesnių ir daugiau sveikatai lemiamą įtaką apimančių veiksnių įgyvendinimo priemonių. Teisės į sveikatos apsaugą įgyvendinimas priklauso ir nuo paties individo pastangų, ir nuo valstybės, jos sukurtų administracinių bei institucinių sistemų gebėjimo tinkamai atlikti pavestą funkciją. Nors tarptautinės teisės aktuose nurodytos pagrindinės nuostatos, aiškiai apibrėžtos siekiamos įgyvendinti priemonės, tačiau nuo nacionalinės šalių dispozicijos priklauso, kokiu mastu ir kaip jos bus įgyvendintos. Teisė į sveikatos apsaugą yra įtvirtinta Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 53 straipsnio 1 dalyje. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas savo jurisprudencijoje nurodo, kad žmogaus ir visuomenės sveikata yra viena svarbiausių visuomenės vertybių, konstituciškai svarbus tikslas, viešasis interesas ir valstybės funkcija – jį įgyvendinti. Apžvelgus tarptautinės teisės dokumentuose įtvirtintas teisės į sveikatos apsaugą įgyvendinimo priemones ir nacionalinį teisinį reglamentavimą, matyti, kad iš esmės nustatytos dvi sveikatos priežiūros rūšys: asmens sveikatos priežiūra ir visuomenės sveikatos priežiūra. Valstybėje nacionalinė sveikatos apsaugos sistema turi būti plėtojama, apimant teisei į sveikatos apsaugą įgyvendinti reikiamas priemones ir sudarant sąlygas asmenims džiaugtis aukščiausio lygio fizine bei psichine sveikata.

Using data collected & impressions gained during a 2-year longitudinal study of 500 Fs, the underlying philosophy of traditional health care practices in 2 villages of Java is described & contrasted with modern health care. Women in Java have always played a major role in family health care, yet most modern intervention programs, perceiving traditional patterns as obstacles, seek to remove health care from the responsibility of the woman & her family. Traditional health care includes some harmful practices, but also many neutral & even beneficial ones -- examples of which are described. Similarly, although modern medicine has brought many benefits, it has been accompanied by an almost mystical reliance on modern practitioners, overuse of drugs, & irrational belief in the efficacy of modern procedures such as injections. Modern intervention programs would be more effective if based on a better understanding of specific traditional beliefs & practices, as well as recognition of the basic principle of self-help health care. Rather than perceiving women as passive recipients of health services, programs can provide them with new information & skills that will help them deal more effectively with health care needs, using professional services as appropriate support. Modified AA.

Equality and non-discrimination are core principles in international human rights law, and all members of the United Nations have legal obligations to promote these principles. Although widely adopted into law, interpretations of the rights to equality and non-discrimination, as well as their relationship to each other, vary considerably across jurisdictions. At the international level, there are separate provisions on equality and non-discrimination in the human rights treaties, yet legal scholars tend to treat the two concepts as one. This article examines the equality and non-discrimination provisions in the International Bill of Human Rights to consider their potential for addressing economic and social inequalities. The article proposes a legal framework that recognizes positive equality as distinct from status-based non-discrimination. Finally, it argues that both of these distinct rights have important roles in contributing to realizing social rights, in particular, a right to health care. Adapted from the source document.

Equality and non-discrimination are core principles in international human rights law, and all members of the United Nations have legal obligations to promote these principles. Although widely adopted into law, interpretations of the rights to equality and non-discrimination, as well as their relationship to each other, vary considerably across jurisdictions. At the international level, there are separate provisions on equality and non-discrimination in the human rights treaties, yet legal scholars tend to treat the two concepts as one. This article examines the equality and non-discrimination provisions in the International Bill of Human Rights to consider their potential for addressing economic and social inequalities. The article proposes a legal framework that recognizes positive equality as distinct from status-based non-discrimination. Finally, it argues that both of these distinct rights have important roles in contributing to realizing social rights, in particular, a right to health care. Adapted from the source document.