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Development and change in traditional societies is strongly affected by interactions between humans and their natural environments. Management practices used by most low-input, rural societies represent an amalgamation of technologies, social rules and organisational structures that have been tested over time and found suitable for sustainable exploitation of resources. In many cases, however, changes in population, social values, market opportunities, government policies or technology alter a delicate balance between humans and sustainable resource use. Given these critical relationships, a thorough knowledge of the biophysical environment is essential to comprehend and attempt to improve low-input production systems such as SJL. Our overall purpose in this chapter is to characterise the environment and natural resources of the Cantón of SJL. This is accomplished in two steps. First the climate, surficial geology, hydrology, soils and vegetation are described. Descriptions include brief accounts of land use (i.e., cultivation, grazing, fuel wood collection, etc.) for broadly defined geomorphic units. Second, an analysis is presented concerning selected aspects of ecosystem dynamics at various spatial and temporal scales.

- Erklärung des Bundesministers des Auswärtigen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, vor dem Deutschen Bundestag am 4. Oktober 1984 über die Zusammenarbeit der Europäischen Gemeinschaft mit den Staaten Mittelamerikas (Auszug). + - Gemeinsames Kommunique der Konferenz der Außenminister der Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, Portugals und Spaniens, der mittelamerikanischen Staaten und der Staaten der Contadora-Gruppe in San Jose am 28. und 29. September 1984

One of the major problems in the agrarian history of the Philippines were the haciendas owned by the Spanish religious orders at the end of the 19th century. The deteriorating social conditions on the haciendas in the region round Manila were one reason for the outbreak of the Revolution in 1896. After the United States replaced Spain as the colonial master of the Philippines in 1898, it was decided on political grounds to eliminate the friars as landholders. Thus, in 1904 the San Jose Hacienda on the island of Mindoro was also purchased by the new colonial government. The San Jose Hacienda with a total area of 23,266 ha had been founded by the Recollect Order at the end of the 19th century. The remote and undeveloped hacienda was sold to American businessmen in 1910. In the course of the years they invested several million US-dollars and transformed it into the most modern sugar hacienda in the Philippines. Due to their ignorance of running such a large hacienda in harmony with the customs of the country, they went bankrupt. Thus, the Archbishop of Manila bought the sugar hacienda for a good price in 1929. The business, however, never recovered because of the depression and limitations of sugar exports to the United States. The sugar mill was severely damaged during World War II and, after a short phase of recovery in the 1950s, it was closed down. The sugar plant and all the equipment was transferred to another hacienda on the island of Panay in the early 1970s. Unemployed laborers and small farmers occupied parts of the former sugar land. Until now (1987) they are still squatters, cultivating the land without any titles.

Der Beitrag beruht vor allem auf Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen des Autors vor Ort aus den Jahren 1979, 1982, 1984 und 1987. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Ereignisse 1987 unter dem Eindruck der wachsenden Erkenntnis der Amtskirche, daß ihre Institution weniger durch volksreligiöse Abweichungen von der Orthodoxie, als durch Säkularisierungsprozesse und Übergriffe von Seiten der Ökonomie und Politik in ihren Eigeninteressen beeinträchtigt wird

In this presidential address, Michael J. Piore, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, speaks about the relationship between sociology & economics, specifically the potential function of this relationship in light of the recent political crossroads as the nation shifts away from public policy dominated by neoliberalism & the Washington Consensus. According to Piore, the most significant obstacle to progress in understanding the relationship between economics & sociology is the way is that fact that we conceptualize society as "static & conservative." This, Piore argues, causes us to see society as a constraint upon economic activity. Piore suggests that society should be viewed as dynamic & belonging to a "sovereign sphere" so when it crosses the economy in models it does so as an "equal & active force.". C. Goger

Nach einigen einleitenden Bemerkungen über die San Jose IV-Konferenz vom 29.2./1.3.1988 in Hamburg befaßt sich der Artikel mit den grundlegenden Aspekten der Kooperation zwischen Zentralamerika und den EG. Das bisher eher zurückhaltende europäische Engagement in der Region muß im Sinne der ökonomischen und politischen Stabilisierung intensiviert werden. Dies bedeutet insbesondere eine breite Unterstüzung des Abkommens von Guatemala vom 7.8.1987, ökonomische Hilfestellung für notwendige Umstrukturierungen im Agrar- und Industriebereich sowie Erleichterungen bei der Schuldentilgung. Konkrete Maßnahmen werden angeführt

This study aimed to determine the role of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in alleviating poverty among households of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. Particularly, this study aimed to: (1) characterize microfinance household clients in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, in terms of: socio- demographic, economic and communication; (2) determine the driving forces of clients to avail microfinance services; (3) identify the household-clients' frequently availed/accessed/paid microfinance services; and (4) determine the household clients' perceived effect of microfinance services in terms of: economic, social and personal. A total of 200 randomly selected household MFI clients, both from rural and urban barangays of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro were interviewed for this study. Descriptive statistics such as mean, weighted mean, frequency and percentage distribution were used in analysing and presenting the data. The results of the study revealed that most of the respondents are female, married and literate. They have other sources of income. Among the most common driving forces of household clients in availing microfinance services are financial security, health-related concerns and education. The frequently availed services of household clients are savings, insurance and loans and their most common microfinance service provider is the Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Incorporated (CARD Bank). The household clients experienced reduced poverty and increased acquisition of assets as economic effect of microfinance services, while they had improved lifestyle and improved relationships with other people as social effects and increased self-confidence and fulfillment as personal effects of microfinance services.