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For decades, criminal justice officials have based key decisions about a defendant's fate and crime deterrence on a tool deplored by practitioners for its indecipherability and potential for inaccuracy or incompleteness—the rap sheet. Though the Supreme Court's criminal rights evolution progressed late last year to requiring rigor in documenting penalty maximum-enhancing prior convictions, the problem of the rap sheet has received little notice from jurists and scholars because the rap sheet plays its central role in discretionary decision-making areas shielded from scrutiny.[para] The rap sheet is not just a practitioner's problem. The flawing of the rap sheet is a parable about the perils of a judicial doctrine that was ostensibly overruled and then resurrected in a more potent incarnation. The story of how rap sheet flaws came to be is also a tale of federal timidity in taking an essential leadership role because of judicial rhetoric and rules about noninterference with traditional state functions like criminal law enforcement. Lost in the contortions of the traditional state functions doctrine over the decades is a necessary countervailing federalism-based doctrine permitting national leadership on problems calling for a coordinated solution.[para] The federal government has no business and no interest in regulating many issues within domains traditionally controlled by the states. But submerged within traditional state domains are problems, like rap sheet flaws, that call for national policy innovation and leadership unchilled by federal timidity in spheres of traditional state control.[para] This article finds buried in the rise, demise, and stealth resurrection of the traditional state functions doctrine the roots of a countervailing principle. The contours of the principle have been obscured in the contortions of federalism doctrine over the decades. This article derives from the evolution of the traditional state functions doctrine a countervailing federalism-based principle permitting fruition of ...

The article analyzes the essence of the traditional state functions, their specificity and key differences in comparison with the activities and tasks of the modern state. Discussion of the differences and the argumentation of the types and specificity of the traditional state functions is carried out by the authors on the basis of systematization of various historical and legal studies, political and legal monuments. The article explains that it is possible for each traditional state to identify a number of special functions having historical and typological specificity and a specific historical characteristic. These special functions deepen and concretize the universal (general) function of the state, based on its purpose and thus embodying the essence of the state as a social institution. The authors demonstrate, in a specific context, that the functions of the traditional state as a “base core” form an affective and traditionalist orientation in public power; in contrast to the modern functions of the state, having a value-normative orientation and a goal-rational activity component.

In this article the authoress discusses the Polish experience in the implementation of modern tool of public funds management – performance budget – which facilitates and improves the political decision-making process regarding reallocation of expenditure in the scope of broad category of public expenditure and methods of organizing the process. Special emphasis was placed on: – determination of the functions carried out by the state in favour of citizen`s – measuring the efficiency of performed tasks – the possibility of using this public finance management method to strategic management of the state.

For pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants, in order to prevent the release of radioactive substances into environment, fission product barriers (FPBs) are constructed based on the concept of defense-in-depth, including fuel clad, reactor coolant system (RCS), and containment; the status of these FPBs is then acting as an important dimension to decision-making of emergency action levels (EALs). For CPR1000 nuclear power plants, state functions defined in state-oriented emergency operating procedure (SOP) are used to characterize postaccident physical conditions; their degradation substantially represents the challenges on fundamental safety functions and then on the integrity of FPBs in like manner, so degradation of these state functions is referred to as determining initial conditions of each FPB, by which the link between SOP and EALs is established. Then, an intelligent FPB monitoring system (FPBMS) aiming to automatically monitor states of FPBs is developed, verified, and validated. The pioneering work, by building bridges between state functions and initial conditions of FPBs and then computerizing them innovatively, proves that dynamical monitoring of states of FPBs during accident evolvement and real-time indication of loss or potential loss of FPBs can be achieved, which is most helpful in decision-making of EALs.

Public relations is defined as a constant, two-way strategic guided communication with the internal and external target public for mutual benefit. Public relations is a strategic communication process that creates mutually beneficial relationships between individuals/organizations and their audience (public). Hence, public relations is an important form in the functioning of the state and is recognized everywhere as a key element in the organization ofany state body, whether it has legislative, executive, judicial power or is a unit of local self-government. For these reasons, it is considered a powerful tool to increase the efficiency of the civil service. The purpose of this paper is to analyze public relations, organization, application, their significance, functionality, and practical application in state bodies in the Republic of North Macedonia. In particular, the paper will address how the application of public relations affects the progress of state bodies. The main emphasis of the paper is to see how the rules of public relations are applied, the pros and cons, and how they affect the efficiency of state bodies. In addition, the laws related to the function of public relations, directly and indirectly, will be analyzed. The conclusion is that public relations in our country are on the rise in terms of normative setup and rules of conduct, in terms of practical applicability is not sufficiently understood the role and importance of public relations in the performance of state functions. Hence, there is a need for a greater commitment of responsible persons and public relations experts to emphasize the role and importance of this scientific and practically applicable discipline as an inevitable way for the efficient functioning of state bodies.

The legitimacy of putting public activities – such as providing education and welfare, but also running prisons or providing military services – into the hands of private companies is hotly contested. In The Privatized State, Chiara Cordelli puts forward an original argument, from a Kantian perspective, for why it is problematic: it replaces the omnilateral will of all citizens, which is realized through public institutions, with the unilateral will of agents to whom these activities have been delegated. While adding an important dimension to the debate, I am not fully convinced that private institutions always fail to realize the omnilateral will, and that this is the only, or always most central, normative problem of privatization. Instead, many concrete cases of privatization seem normatively overdetermined in their wrongness. Nonetheless, Cordelli's brilliant discussion invites us to rethink these phenomena from an important angle and helps us to better understand what an ideal civil service would look like.

The purpose of the scientific article is to identify certain problems in defining the concept of legal forms of implementation of the social function of the state, as such activities are performed by separate bodies and officials authorized by the state and only in the manner prescribed by law. The content of state power is revealed in its functions, competences of subjects, forms and methods of realization of their powers. The article proposes the definition of legal forms of state power, in addition, analyzes other forms of social function, among which an important place is the control and supervision form, which provides for control over the activities of state bodies in the social sphere not only parliament, government and other bodies. are part of the vertical of state executive power, but also the bodies that administer justice. ; Мета наукової статті полягає в окресленні окремих проблем у визначенні поняття правових форм реалізації соціальної функції держави, оскільки таку діяльність виконують окремі уповноважені державою органи та посадові особи та винятково в спосіб, установлений законом. Зміст державної влади розкривається в її функціях, компетенції суб'єктів, формах і методах реалізації їхніх повноважень. У статті запропоновано визна- чення правових форм здійснення функцій державної влади, зокрема проаналізовано інші форми реалізації соціальної функції, серед яких вагоме місце посідає контрольно-наглядова форма, що передбачає здійснення контролю за діяльністю державних органів у соціальній сфері не тільки парламентом, урядом та іншими органами, що належать до вертикалі державної виконавчої влади, а й органами, що чинять правосуддя.

In der deutschen politischen Soziologie wurden in den letzten Jahren zunehmend Analysen über die Rolle des Staates durchgeführt. Während noch in der politisch-soziologischen Diskussion der fünfziger und frühen sechziger Jahre staatstheoretische Untersuchungen kaum eine Rolle spielten und sich politische Soziologie und Staatstheorie gleichsam nebeneinander entwickelten, sind beide in jüngster Zeit zusammengeführt worden, und zwar über der Frage: Spätkapitalismus oder Industriegesellschaft? Der Autor diskutiert die Bedeutung, die die Bestimmung der Staatsfunktionen und ihrer Beziehung zum Verwaltungshandeln für diese Fragestellung besitzt. Diese lässt sich auch in der Frage zuspitzen: Wieviel kann und wem nützt der Staatsapparat in einer spätkapitalistischen Gesellschaftsformation? Der Autor unterscheidet vier Argumentationsfiguren, die bei der Interpretation des Zusammenhangs von Staatsfunktionen und Verwaltungshandeln hauptsächlich miteinander konkurrieren: die Theorie der ökonomischen Krise, die Theorie der ökonomisch induzierten politischen Krise, die Theorie der ökonomisch induzierten kulturellen Krise und die Theorie der umweltinduzierten politischen Krise. Der Autor geht anhand dieser Argumentationsfiguren näher auf die typischen Systemprobleme und Handlungsfelder spätkapitalistischer Gesellschaften ein. (ICI2)

Sidney Verba has argued that the state in modern societies may function as a religion. He is certainly not the only one to adopt such a point of view. But his work is especially notable in that he has strengthened the argument by welding together a theoretical perspective that seems to be derived from structural-functional analysis and a good deal of varied and interesting, though not crystal-clear data. Verba's discussion of the functions of the state is most explicit in his article on the Kennedy assassination—in which he seeks to interpret the many studies of public reaction to the President's death. In this article, appropriately titled "The Kennedy Assassination and the Nature of Political Commitment," Verba attempts to go to essentials. He speaks of the deeper levels of political involvement made evident by the psychological crisis of the assassination. Repeatedly he employs the term "primordial" to describe the character of the underlying political commitment to the nation-state and its symbols in modern societies—the foremost of these symbols in America being the President. But let Verba speak for himself since he is explicit about these matters: first, on the nature of public reactions and the larger meaning of those reactions:The Kennedy assassination … illustrates the close meshing of the sacred and the secular in the top institutions of a political system. In a society in which the formal ideology is officially secular … the close linkage of religious institutions to the events of the crisis weekend is particularly striking … a larger proportion of the American population responded to the assassination with prayer or attendance at special church services and religious ceremony and imagery abounded in the events of the weekend.