Suchergebnisse

The article examines the documents of personal pension affairs in accordance with which, personal pension provision was provided, established for services to the Soviet Republic by the great Russian playwright Alexander Ostrovsky, for his sister Mariya Nikolayevna and the widow of the eldest son Anna Nikolayevna. On the basis of archival documents of Alexander Ostrovsky's pension affairs, the authors revealed the circumstances of the life of his relatives in the 1920s: the plight and cramped living conditions of both women; we identified the circle of people living with them: the adopted daughter of Mariya N. Ostrovskaya and two children of Anna N. Ostrovskaya. The documents of the personal file made it possible to clarify the date of death of Mariya N. Ostrovskaya. But during the work, a number of issues arose that require further consideration: it is unclear from the materials of the pension case, for which children the personal pension was assigned to the widow of the playwright's eldest son, Anna Nikolayevna. The reason for the suspension of pension payments by Anna N. Ostrovskaya herself remains unclear. The article also highlighted the role of the leadership of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR as an advocate for the playwright's sister and daughter-in-law before the pension authorities.

Bu tezin amacı; ilk olarak Roma II Tüzüğü'nün uzun yolunu tarihsel arka planına, kabulüne ve yürürlüğüne uzanarak ilk adımlarından itibaren aydınlatmaktır. Roma II Yönetmeliği Avrupa Birliği hukukunu nasıl etkilediği, bu hukukta hangi değişikliklere yol açtığı, sözleşmedışı borçların kapsamı, Roma II Tüzüğü uyarınca uygulanacak hukuku seçme özgürlüğü. Haksız fiil kavramı medeni hukuka ait bir kavram olmaktan öteye gitmiş, haksız fiiler hakkında uygulanan hukuk kuralları ile genel kuralların yanı sıra haksız fiilin bir unsur olarak yer bulduğu farklı davaların keşfiyle haksız fiil Avrupa Birliği hukukundakii bir kavram şeklinde sonuç vermiş ve Roma II Tüzüğü'ndeki ilgili maddelerle birlikte daha da gelişmiştir. Yıllarca süren bir diktatörlük süreci yaşamış bir devlet olan Arnavutluk'un sahip olduğu bu tarihsel arka plandan dolayı halen gelişim sürecinde olan Arnavutluk'taki kanunlar ihtilafı kuralları ile karşılaştırmak amacıyla Avrupa Birliği kavramlarını daha da derinlemesine değiştirmem, bunu oldukça karmaşık ve zorlayıcı bir hâle getirdi. Tez; bilgi toplanarak ve tarihe geri dönülerek yürütülen analize ve karşılaştırmaya dayanan bir araştırmanın ürünüdür. Bu tezin konusu, Avrupa Birliği hukukuna göre haksız fiilin bulunması durumunda hangi hukuku uygulayacağımızı bilmek ve bunu Arnavutluk kanunlar ihtilafı kuralları ile karşılaştırmaktır. Bu tezin amacı, Avrupa Birliği hukuku ile bunun dışındaki hukuk arasındaki farkları görmektir. --- The purpose of this thesis is to bring to light first the long road of the Rome II Regulation from its first steps going back to its historical background, adoption and enter into force. How Rome II Regulation affected European Union law, what changes brought to it, the scope of non-contractual obligations, freedom to choose the applicable law under Rome II Regulation. To go further with the concept of tort first as a concept under civil law, the law applicable to tort and the general rules as well as discovering different cases which have tort as their element and to end it up with tort as a concept under European Union law and more developed inside Rome II Regulation with its responsible articles. Deeper there are studied the European Union law concepts in order to make a comparision between Albanian conflicts of law which still is in its road of improving because of the historical background of Albania as a state which went through dictature for many years it makes it quite complex and challenging. The thesis consists in a research work, collecting informations, going back in history, analyzing and comparing. The subject of this thesis is to know which law we apply in case of torts under European Union law and to compare it with Albanian conflict of law rules. The aim of this thesis is to see the differences between European Union law and non-European Union law.

Bu tezin amacı; ilk olarak Roma II Tüzüğü'nün uzun yolunu tarihsel arka planına,kabulüne ve yürürlüğüne uzanarak ilk adımlarından itibaren aydınlatmaktır. Roma IIYönetmeliği Avrupa Birliği hukukunu nasıl etkilediği, bu hukukta hangi değişikliklereyol açtığı, sözleşmedışı borçların kapsamı, Roma II Tüzüğü uyarınca uygulanacakhukuku seçme özgürlüğü.Haksız fiil kavramı medeni hukuka ait bir kavram olmaktan öteye gitmiş, haksız fiilerhakkında uygulanan hukuk kuralları ile genel kuralların yanı sıra haksız fiilin bir unsurolarak yer bulduğu farklı davaların keşfiyle haksız fiil Avrupa Birliği hukukundakii birkavram şeklinde sonuç vermiş ve Roma II Tüzüğü'ndeki ilgili maddelerle birlikte dahada gelişmiştir.Yıllarca süren bir diktatörlük süreci yaşamış bir devlet olan Arnavutluk'un sahip olduğubu tarihsel arka plandan dolayı halen gelişim sürecinde olan Arnavutluk'taki kanunlarihtilafı kuralları ile karşılaştırmak amacıyla Avrupa Birliği kavramlarını daha daderinlemesine değiştirmem, bunu oldukça karmaşık ve zorlayıcı bir hâle getirdi.Tez; bilgi toplanarak ve tarihe geri dönülerek yürütülen analize ve karşılaştırmayadayanan bir araştırmanın ürünüdür. Bu tezin konusu, Avrupa Birliği hukukuna görehaksız fiilin bulunması durumunda hangi hukuku uygulayacağımızı bilmek ve bunuArnavutluk kanunlar ihtilafı kuralları ile karşılaştırmaktır.Bu tezin amacı, Avrupa Birliği hukuku ile bunun dışındaki hukuk arasındaki farklarıgörmektir. --- The purpose of this thesis is to bring to light first the long road of the Rome IIRegulation from its first steps going back to its historical background, adoption andenter into force. How Rome II Regulation affected European Union law, what changesbrought to it, the scope of non-contractual obligations, freedom to choose the applicablelaw under Rome II Regulation.To go further with the concept of tort first as a concept under civil law, the lawapplicable to tort and the general rules as well as discovering different cases which havetort as their element and to end it up with tort as a concept under European Union lawand more developed inside Rome II Regulation with its responsible articles.Deeper there are studied the European Union law concepts in order to make acomparision between Albanian conflicts of law which still is in its road of improvingbecause of the historical background of Albania as a state which went through dictaturefor many years it makes it quite complex and challenging.The thesis consists in a research work, collecting informations, going back inhistory, analyzing and comparing.The subject of this thesis is to know which law we apply in case of torts underEuropean Union law and to compare it with Albanian conflict of law rules.The aim of this thesis is to see the differences between European Union lawand non-European Union law.

Those of us who work on the Indian princely states sometimes seem to share a certain marginalization, a certain distance from the debates shaping the writing of South Asian history today. We also share, more positively, views of that history that do not focus on British colonial rule and are not based on colonial sources, views that arguably offer more continuity with pre-British history and alternative visions of the South Asian past, present, and future.

The rule of law is a central notion in legal thought and in the practice of democratic states. While a contested term, scholars have articulated its contours – both formal and substantive. This includes ideas such as legal certainty, prospectivity, access to justice, and the fact that everyone should be accountable under the law. Much of the scholarship has centred on states and international organisations as the primary entities responsible for protecting the rule of law. By contrast, the relationship between individuals and groups of people in civil society vis-à-vis the rule of law is under-explored in (international) law. This special issue is therefore dedicated to elaborating upon this relationship – the 'rule of law from below.' This Introduction sets out the concept and illustrates it with examples of the innovative ways that people are using in practice to support the rule of law from below. While noting that the concept of 'rule of law from below' is one under development, we argue that there is much value in investigating instances where actors beyond formal state institutions, who have no constitutional or other formal legal role, take it upon themselves to uphold and defend the rule of law. This is especially important in today's global context of shifts in power between state and non-state actors, as well as pervasive democratic and rule-of-law backsliding.