Suchergebnisse

The past half decade of massive refugee outflows from the Northern Triangle of Central America –that is, from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras– emerge from a number of perverse and mutually reinforcing historical processes: the deeply flawed implementation of equally flawed peace accords that ended the region's civil wars in the 1990s; the pursuit of neoliberal privatization and «market-friendly» economic policies that undercut advance toward sustainable social peace, including trade agreements that inflicted great damage to peasant agricultura; the pursuit of foreign investment in extractive sectors that displaced rural and indigenous peoples, and the policies of the major international institutions, and of the United States government in particular, which deepened all of these perverse trends that left people without livelihoods. The gang and criminal violence linked to the narcotics trade are manifestations of these underlying processes that expel people from the region in waves of forced «survival migration». ; Durante la última media década se han producido salidas masivas de refu­giados procedentes del Triángulo Norte de América Central, es decir, de El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras. Dichas salidas surgen de una serie de procesos históricos perver­sos, que se refuerzan mutuamente: la implementación profundamente defectuosa de acuerdos de paz igualmente defectuosos que puso fin a las guerras civiles de la región en la década de 1990; la búsqueda de la privatización neoliberal y las políticas económicas «amigables al mercado» que socavan el avance hacia una paz social sostenible; los acuer­dos comerciales que infligieron un gran daño a la agricultura campesina; la búsqueda de inversión extranjera en sectores extractivos que desplazaron a pueblos rurales e indígenas y las políticas de las principales instituciones internacionales y del gobierno de Esta­dos Unidos en particular, que profundizaron todas estas tendencias perversas que dejaron a la gente sin medios de vida. Las bandas criminales y la violencia vinculadas al narcotráfico son manifestaciones de estos procesos subyacentes que expulsan a las per­sonas de la región en oleadas de «migración de supervivencia» forzada.

"The title of this book captures the epic, even biblical, quality of migration from Zimbabwe. The editors of this collection have assembled an excellent team of researchers writing on the principal aspects and destinations of Zimbabwean emigrants. We are provided with a rounded and compelling picture of the great exodus and behind the turmoil of exile and return we can glimpse the extraordinary people behind the statistics."--Robin Cohen, Professor of Development Studies and Director, International Migration Institute, University of Oxford

Publications in this field have, in general, been based predominantly on the experiences of individual national settings. Migration, Health and Survival offers a comparative approach, bringing together leading international scholars to provide original works from the United States, Canada, Australia, France, Germany, England and Wales, Norway, Belgium, and Italy. Variations in physical and mental health and mortality among migrants in relation to their host populations are examined and analyzed in detail, with specific discussion of: the immigrant health and mortality advantage; the healthy migrant hypothesis; migrants as vulnerable populations; the long-term effects of acculturation on health; fast epidemiological transition among migrants; and the intergenerational transmission of mortality risk. The contributions in this volume enhance the reader's understanding of immigrant health and mortality conditions across these leading countries of immigration in the western world. This is an important reference for researchers of migrant studies as well as teachers of graduate level courses in population studies and allied disciplines. Practitioners involved in the provision of health care to immigrants and refugees will further benefit from the insightful analyses

All the chapters contained in this volume are original contributions from scholars with an expertise on Middle Eastern and migration issues. They were prepared for the Gulf Labour Markets and Migration (GLMM) programme's workshop entitled "The Role of Legislation, Policies, and Practices in Irregular Migration to the Gulf " held at the University of Cambridge from August 24-27, 2015 in the framework of the Sixth Gulf Research Meeting (GRM) organised by the Gulf Research Centre Cambridge (GRCC). ; The overall objective of this volume is to advance existing knowledge about irregular migration to the Gulf, a subject about which huge research gaps remain. We focus on the role that legislation, policies and practices play in enabling and sustaining irregular, or undocumented, migration. Case studies highlighting these elements are presented on all the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, namely: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, case studies of six major sending countries are included to better understand the entire pathway of irregular migration from a sending to a Gulf country: these countries are Bangladesh, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan and the Philippines. The volume also offers an overview of the conceptual dimensions underlying irregular migration and a framework for providing protection to migrants in an irregular situation. ; 1. Introduction: Skilful Survivals - Irregular Migration to the Gulf, 1, Nasra M. Shah 2. The Normal and the Exceptional in Irregular Migration in the Gulf, 13, Philippe Fargues 3. Irregular Migration in the Gulf States: What Data Reveal and What They Conceal, 33, Françoise De Bel-Air 4. The Legal Production of Illegality: Obstacles and Opportunities to Protect Undocumented Migrants in the Gulf States, 57, Elizabeth Frantz 5. Irregular Migration in Bahrain: Legislations, Policies, and Practices, 77, Hasan Alhasan 6. Irregular Migration to and within Kuwait: Enabling and Sustaining Factors, 95, Nasra M. Shah and Lubna Al-Kazi 7. Irregular Migration in Oman: Policies, Their Effects and Interaction with India, 115, Jihan Safar and Mélissa Levaillant 8. Irregular Migration in Qatar: The Role of Legislation, Policies, and Practices, 135, Ray Jureidini 9. Calculated Risks, Agonies, and Hopes: A Comparative Case Study of the Undocumented Yemeni and Filipino Migrant Communities in Jeddah, 161, Fahad Alsharif 10. Producing Irregular Migration: Living and Labouring under Laws in the United Arab Emirates, 185, Pardis Mahdavi 11. Irregular Migration from Bangladesh to the Gulf: Is Combatting It a Governance Challenge?, 203, AKM Ahsan Ullah 12. Egyptian Irregular Migration in the GCC Countries, 225, Ibrahim Awad and Nourhan Abdel Aziz 13. Irregular Migration from Ethiopia to the Gulf States, 243, Bina Fernandez 14. Migration (In)flux: Impact of Legislation on Patterns and Quantum of Irregular Mobility between India and Saudi Arabia, 269, S. Irudaya Rajan and Jolin Joseph 15. Irregular Migration to the Gulf: An Analysis of the Status of Pakistani Migrant Workers, 293, Ghulam Mohmmad Arif and Tahira Ishaq 16. Stemming Irregular Migration at the Source: The Philippine Experience, 315, Graziano Battistella and Maruja M.B. Asis 17. Conclusion: Irregular Migration - Has It a Future in the Gulf, 337, Philippe Fargues GRC Publications, 343

'Im ersten Teil dieses Papers werden unter Bezug auf eine Querschnittsumfrage in elf Ländern, die zwischen 1991 und 1998 zu fünf Zeitpunkten durchgeführt wurde, die charakteristischen Merkmale von Armut in Osteuropa diskutiert. Eine Trendanalyse der Veränderungen in der Ausprägung von Armut in den verschiedenen Ländern unterscheidet drei Indikatoren. Sie weisen auf sehr unterschiedliche Arten von Armut in den postkommunistischen Ländern hin, wobei die Bewohnerinnen zentraleuropäischer Länder allmählich reicher und jene der früheren Sowjetunion ärmer werden. Danach werden die Charakteristika jener, die ökonomische Notlagen erleben, präsentiert. Der zweite Teil des Papers behandelt die Merkmale jener Personen, die Interesse an Migration zeigen, und konzentriert sich dabei auf die zentraleuropäischen Länder, weiche die Aufnahme in die Europäische Union anstreben. Es zeigt sich, daß nicht unbedingt die ärmsten Personen Interesse an Migration haben; vielmehr kann Migration als unternehmerische Strategie zur Verbesserung des Lebensstandards betrachtet werden. Basierend auf qualitativen Interviews werden abschließend die Lebensumstände von MigrantInnen im Kontext von Haushaltsstrategien und regionalen sozialen Netzwerken beschrieben.' (Autorenreferat)

As soon as the sovereign debt crisis began, it was widely understood that Germany's response would dictate its ultimate resolution. Whereas the initial round of bailouts stabilized markets and preserved the Euro, the purpose of the second Greek bailout is less clear. We argue that the German government's decision to support a second Greek bailout reflected domestic political calculations. While a bailout would involve short-term political costs, Merkel's government also recognized the social and economic consequences of potential Greek default. In particular, a default entailed the prospect of a massive inflow of migrants from Southern Europe into Germany, which would have hurt labor markets and, in turn, could have cost Merkel's coalition electoral support. To evaluate the political, economic, and social costs of the second Greek bailout, we use models of credit default swap spreads, studies of international migration, and research on vote intention.

The article opts to investigate the long-term effects of parental seasonal migration on a child's access to school education. The phenomenon of seasonal migration 'leaving child at home' or 'accompanied by' is a very common feature in the Purulia district where migration is the only viable option to sustain livelihood in lean-agricultural season. Although parents' migration in such areas seems to be essential for the family economy, lack of parental care is found to be responsible for academic and psychological non-adjustment that affects a child's education to a great extent. The Cox Regression Hazard Model and the Kaplan–Meier Estimator analysis of school participation have been employed to explore the survival probability of children at varying contexts, viz. migration status, gender, caste and age. The result shows the negative impact of parental migration on school participation of left-behind children leading to early dropout before the completion of the school education cycle.