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Sovereign immunity — Foreign State — Implied waiver — Waiver by instituting litigation — Counterclaims and third party claims — Whether arising out of same transaction as principal claims — Series of actions — Whether to be treated as one for purposes of waiver — Act of State doctrine — Whether applicable to counterclaims — Whether applicable to non-political questions — The law of the United States

The results of a parasitological examination of Gammaridae (Gammarus oceanicus and Gammarus duebeni) collected in May–July 2021 on the littoral of the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea (Pechenga Bay, Teriberskaya Bay, Yarnyshnaya Bay, Ivanovskaya Bay) are presented. It was found that the helminthofauna of gammarids includes larval stages of 6 helminth species (metacercariaes of trematodes Podocotyle atomon and Podocotyle reflexa, cysticercoids of cestodes Microsomacantus sp., larvaes of nematodes Spiruridae and acanthellas of the acanthocephalan Polymorphus phippsi and Echinorhynchus gadi). Metacercariaes of trematodes Podocotyle atomon infect both gammarusids species regardless of their habitat. Comparative analysis has shown that in amphipods from the Pechenga Bay area near the salmon farm, the helminthofauna is represented by parasites whose life cycle takes place using marine fish as the final host only – Podocotyle atomon, Echinorhynchus gadi. A correlation between the quantitative parameters of invasion by Podocotyle atomon trematode metacercariaes and the salinity of water in the collection areas was established.

Abstract
This paper looks at a set of documents produced in the early 1950s in the Gold Coast to establish land boundaries in a region and to contribute to the crystallization of customary law for future reference and use. The material is placed in a longer historical flow and seen as one of the results of transformations in the metropole, in the colony, and in their relationship over the first decades of the century, and as a significant landmark collection that has been used in land transactions ever since. The analysis pleads for treating the archives in an ethnographic and not just in an extractive manner (Stoler, 2002, 2009), suggesting that the making, the form, the authors' stances and the use of the documents can be useful supplementary tools in making sense of the already heavily edited representations of the past that we have access to. The focus on this particular archival material contributes to the discussions about the pitfalls of basing land management on, as Sally Falk Moore would put it, "customary" law.

The current study shows that decomposition of plant residues in the Umbrisol of Spitsbergen proceeds quite intensively despite the high latitudinal position. The rate of decomposition depends on the type of plant. The dependence of the decomposition intensity on the altitude is less clear.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify factors affecting formal credit constraint status of rural farm households in Vietnam's North Central Coast (NCC) region.Design/methodology/approach– Using the direct elicitation method (DEM), the authors consider both internal and external credit rationing.Findings– Empirical evidences confirm the importance of household head's age, gender and education to household's likelihood of being credit constrained. In addition, households who have advantages in farm land size, labour resources and non-farm income are less likely to be credit constrained. Poor households are observed to remain restricted by formal credit institutions. Results from the endogenous switching regression model suggest that credit constraints negatively impact household's consumption per capita and informal credit can act as a substitute to mitigate the negative influence of formal credit constraints.Research limitations/implications– One limitation arises from the usage of the DEM to identify credit constrained households. The method cannot detect effective and ineffective constraints. Another limitation is the inability of cross-section data to capture long-term impacts of credit constraints on household welfare. Finally, causes of credit constraints from the lender's view cannot be observed.Practical implications– The results suggest that it is necessary to enhance the credit allocation regime to reduce the transaction cost and provide target households with sufficient credit. It should be emphasized that high transaction cost and the mismatch between credit demand and supply stemming from information asymmetry. The government can help formal financial institutions to reduce information cost by encouraging the active role of social organizations such as Women Unions, Youth Unions and Veteran Unions in bridging rural farm households with formal lenders.Originality/value– There are limited studies focusing on determinants of credit constraints and their impacts on rural farm households. To the best of the knowledge, there is no study evaluating the impact of credit constraints on rural farm household welfare particularly in Vietnam. In addition, the studies related to credit constraints only considered full quantity rationing (households applied for the loan but were rejected), omitting the case of partly quantity rationing (loan obtained by the borrowers is less than their demand) and self-rationing.

The article is devoted by field investigations of stone natural object "Bratya"located in the Srednii Peninsula of the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea which were in 2011. At the first the special study of objects-"sieidas"of theRussian Lapland was carried out in the Murmansk region. The geochemical investigations supported the speculation about some ancient rituals like sacrifices that has been performed around rock pillars. Apparently it was perceived as expressive natural object possessing sacred properties what named in historiography of the Sami ethnography as "sieid".

This article presents a discussion about using one's body – in its several occurrences, forms and meanings – for sex, affection and money transactions, within and beyond the scope of prostitution. It results from research carried out with young women involved in prostitution in two Brazilian north-eastern towns. The women's views, conceptualisations and experiences reveal a prolific construction of discursive differentiation categories, which are linked to a set of moralities within local/regional economies and within notions of family. Through the women's personal narratives and experiences, our study demystifies the persistent idea of victimisation; it aims at understanding the young women prostitutes in their own contexts – loci that are highly stigmatised and seen as needing to be controlled or 'developed'. We collected data that allows us to build a counter-discourse to oppose the ever-present attempts at weakening these voices and effacing their meaning-making. Within this context of knowledge production, our research is meaningful and purposeful in addressing the situation of young women in contexts of prostitution. Our main argument is that in certain contexts, such as those studied in this project, sex, affection and kinship are structured as normative – rather than exceptional – ways for women to have access to money.

The work reflects the results of many years of research on modern lithodynamics on the coasts of the Barents and White Seas,employees of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute.

Data on the content of free amino acids (FAA) in four species of red algae are presented. The content of 20 amino acids was determined in the composition of FAA of the studied species. The largest amounts contained glutamic and aspartic acids, alanine, proline and taurine. The studied algae do not differ in the qualitative composition of protein amino acids, but differ in the presence and content of nonprotein ones. The content of most of the FAA and their summ was the highest for Phycodrysrubens, and in Palmaria palmatathe smallest.

For a long time, the analysis of the Compatibility of firm strategies with the rules of Competition Law was the Lawyers private domain. It can't be denied, however that the interest some economists have more lately shown in this field, has greatly helped to improve some juridical decisions.The Game Theory for instance has definitely been helpful in the detection of collusive situations, as indeed the Theory of Contestable Markets when dealing with merging projects.dominant positions, and industries newly opened to competition. Similarly the economists have largely contributed to the working out of the new competition law regulations. The latest legal framework concerning vertical agreements for instance, as well as the leading decision of the Commission make clear reference to the Agency and Transaction Coasts theories. Besides, in its appraisal of R&D agreements, the Commission seems to make use of the production theory.

In the eastern part of the Barents Sea, there are 3 types of settlements of the bivalve mollusk Macoma calcarea. At low positive temperatures (from 0.6 to 1.3 оC),juveniles predominate on sandy-silty soils in settlements with low biomass, uneven growth and high mortality. In colder water masses (–0.4...–1.5 оC), M. calcareasettlements consist of long-lived, evenly growing large individuals that form high biomass values. In the settlement of group I, there was an increased elimination of certain size classes. The distribution of settlements depends little on the depth and salinity.

As a prolific invasive species, Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus threaten native organisms in numerous estuarine and tidal freshwaters along the Atlantic coast of the United States. However, no published estimates of consumption rates are available for Blue Catfish in the scientific literature. This information is critical for development of bioenergetics models or estimation of population-level impacts on native species. Using a combination of field and laboratory studies, we provide the first estimates of daily ration, maximum daily ration, and consumption to biomass ratios for Blue Catfish populations. Ad libitum feeding trials conducted in our laboratory reveal that maximum daily ration in Blue Catfish varies by prey type, temperature, and fish size, with maximal feeding occurring in medium-sized Blue Catfish (500-600 mm total length) and at temperatures >= 15 degrees C. Furthermore, estimates of daily ration were higher for fish prey (Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum) than for crustacean prey (blue crab Callinectes sapidus). Diel feeding chronologies based on field-collected diet samples from 1,226 Blue Catfish demonstrated river-specific variability in daily ration and maximum daily ration. Blue Catfish daily ration ranged between 2.27% and 5.22% bodyweight per 24 h, while maximum daily ration ranges between 8.56% and 9.37% bodyweight per 24 h. Estimates of consumption to biomass ratios varied by river and Blue Catfish size groupings but range between 2.42 and 3.39, which is similar to other benthic omnivores. This research will inform the assessment of predatory impacts of invasive Blue Catfish in the Chesapeake Bay and beyond as it will enable researchers to estimate predatory impacts through the coupling of population models, food habit information, and consumption rate information (current study). ; Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries through a Sport Fish Restoration Grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [2012-13705]; Virginia Sea Grant [R/71856A] ; Published version ; We thank B. Peoples, J. Emmel, Z. Moran, J. Woodward, A. Mosely, H. Kim, H. Lee, B. Greenlee, J. Odenkirk, R. Willis, K. Johnson, A. Weaver, Y. Jiao, and S. Smith for their assistance over the course of the study. We thank the anonymous reviewers and editors whose comments resulted in a much better manuscript. Data collection was supported by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries through a Sport Fish Restoration Grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (contract #2012-13705), and the senior author was partially supported through a fellowship from Virginia Sea Grant (R/71856A). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. There is no conflict of interest declared in this article. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

As a prolific invasive species, Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus threaten native organisms in numerous estuarine and tidal freshwaters along the Atlantic coast of the United States. However, no published estimates of consumption rates are available for Blue Catfish in the scientific literature. This information is critical for development of bioenergetics models or estimation of population-level impacts on native species. Using a combination of field and laboratory studies, we provide the first estimates of daily ration, maximum daily ration, and consumption to biomass ratios for Blue Catfish populations. Ad libitum feeding trials conducted in our laboratory reveal that maximum daily ration in Blue Catfish varies by prey type, temperature, and fish size, with maximal feeding occurring in medium-sized Blue Catfish (500-600 mm total length) and at temperatures >= 15 degrees C. Furthermore, estimates of daily ration were higher for fish prey (Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum) than for crustacean prey (blue crab Callinectes sapidus). Diel feeding chronologies based on field-collected diet samples from 1,226 Blue Catfish demonstrated river-specific variability in daily ration and maximum daily ration. Blue Catfish daily ration ranged between 2.27% and 5.22% bodyweight per 24 h, while maximum daily ration ranges between 8.56% and 9.37% bodyweight per 24 h. Estimates of consumption to biomass ratios varied by river and Blue Catfish size groupings but range between 2.42 and 3.39, which is similar to other benthic omnivores. This research will inform the assessment of predatory impacts of invasive Blue Catfish in the Chesapeake Bay and beyond as it will enable researchers to estimate predatory impacts through the coupling of population models, food habit information, and consumption rate information (current study). ; Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries through a Sport Fish Restoration Grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [2012-13705]; Virginia Sea Grant [R/71856A] ; Published version ; We thank B. Peoples, J. Emmel, Z. Moran, J. Woodward, A. Mosely, H. Kim, H. Lee, B. Greenlee, J. Odenkirk, R. Willis, K. Johnson, A. Weaver, Y. Jiao, and S. Smith for their assistance over the course of the study. We thank the anonymous reviewers and editors whose comments resulted in a much better manuscript. Data collection was supported by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries through a Sport Fish Restoration Grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (contract #2012-13705), and the senior author was partially supported through a fellowship from Virginia Sea Grant (R/71856A). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. There is no conflict of interest declared in this article. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee