Suchergebnisse

Raramente consideramos modos de globalização distintos dos que são implementados por agentes e agências poderosos. A maioria das discussões sobre globalização alternativa ou sobre globalização de baixo para cima enfoca a sociedade civil global, os ativistas e movimentos sociais transnacionais ou os transmigrantes. Estes são tópicos relevantes que necessitam ser mais pesquisados. Analiso outras globalizações políticas por meio da discussão do movimento anti-globalização e das iniciativas alter-globalização que são os Foros Sociais Mundiais. Mas meu interesse também é compreender o lado oculto da economia política da globalização no qual os papéis normativos e repressivos dos estados nacionais são fortemente relativizados. Aqui as articulações de redes põem juntos agentes que conectam, a despeito de intervenções estatais, níveis locais, regionais, nacionais, internacionais e transnacionais de agência. O texto está baseado em trabalhos etnográficos feitos na fronteira do Paraguai (Ciudad del Este) e Brasil (Foz do Iguaçu), um nó do sistema mundial não hegemônico através do qual fluem bilhões de dólares em mercadorias globais. Meus argumentos sobre estes circuitos comerciais globais estão baseados também em pesquisas feitas sobre a Feira do Paraguai, um mercado de bens "importados" localizado em Brasília. A globalização econômica não-hegemônica está constituída por agentes transnacionais cujo objetivo é participar de fluxos globais de riqueza e poder. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT ; We seldom consider modes of globalization that are different from those implemented by powerful agents and agencies. The existing discussions on alternative globalization or on globalization from below focus on global civil society, transnational social movements and activists, or on transmigrants. These are relevant topics that need to be more researched. I analyze other political globalizations by considering the antiglobalization movement and the alter-globalization initiatives represented by the World Social Fora. My interest also lies on the understanding of the hidden side of the political economy of globalization, one where the normative and repressive roles of national states are heavily bypassed. Here the articulations of networks put together social agents that through specific circuits of action and exchange link, in spite of state intervention, local, regional, national, international and transnational levels of agency. My arguments are based on ethnographic work done on the border of Paraguay (Ciudad del Este) and Brazil (Foz do Iguaçu), a node of the non-hegemonic world system through which billions of dollars in global goods flow. My arguments on these global trade circuits and on economic globalization from below are also based on research done on the Paraguayan Fair, a market place of "imported" merchandises located in Brasilia.

Health services have long been insulated from the process of European integration. In this article, however, we show that we are witnessing their re-configuration in an emerging EU health-care system. The article uncovers the structuring lines of this system by focusing on three interrelated EU-wide processes influencing the integration of national health-care systems into a larger whole. First, the privatisation of health-care services following the constraints of Maastricht economic convergence and the EU accession criteria; second, health-care worker and patient mobility arising from the free movement of workers and services within the European Single Market; and third, new EU laws and country-specific prescriptions on economic governance that the EU has been issuing following the 2008 financial crisis. The article shows that these processes have helped to construct a European health-care system that is uneven in terms of the distribution of patient access to services and of health-care workers' wages and working conditions, but very similar in terms of EU economic and financial governance pressures on health care across EU Member States.

Health services have long been insulated from the process of European integration. In this article, however, we show that we are witnessing their re-configuration in an emerging EU health-care system. The article uncovers the structuring lines of this system by focusing on three interrelated EU-wide processes influencing the integration of national health-care systems into a larger whole. First, the privatisation of health-care services following the constraints of Maastricht economic convergence and the EU accession criteria; second, health-care worker and patient mobility arising from the free movement of workers and services within the European Single Market; and third, new EU laws and country-specific prescriptions on economic governance that the EU has been issuing following the 2008 financial crisis. The article shows that these processes have helped to construct a European health-care system that is uneven in terms of the distribution of patient access to services and of health-care workers' wages and working conditions, but very similar in terms of EU economic and financial governance pressures on health care across EU Member States. ; European Commission Horizon 2020 ; European Research Council ; University College Dublin ; Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) ; 2021-09-08 JG: PDF replaced at author's request

Changes in the structure of the global economy have resulted in a withering of governmental control of certain activities presumed to be de jure within the domain of governments. The international monetary crises of the 1960s have demonstrated the emergence of financial markets that seem to operate beyond the jurisdiction of even the most advanced industrialized states of the West and outside their individual or collective control. The flourishing of multinational corporations has affected the national science and economic growth policies of highly developed and less developed states alike by restricting the freedom of those governments to establish social priorities. Tariff reductions carefully and arduously negotiated on a multilateral basis through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), through bilateral arrangements, or through emergent regional economic organizations have similarly increased the number of relatively nonmanipulable and unknown factors which must be accounted for in planning a wide spectrum of domestic and foreign economic policies—from regional development policy or anti-inflationary efforts on the domestic side to the international exchange rate of a state's currency.

This book investigates how the construction and evolution of human rights norms are transferred in transnational legal settings and asks whether law should reflect, express or control any given aspect of culture. It will be of value to those working in the areas of transnational and comparative law, as well as those concerned with human rights and the intersection of law and cultural difference.