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Technical aid to the under-developed countries may have important side-effects on the internal soc structure of the receiving community, contrary to the desired goals of the projecters. It may generate tensions & soc conflict between existing & emerging factions of the community. This is shown re some case studies from the Indo-Norwegian Fishing Project in Kerala. Technical assistance is defined as a process by which the donor tries to transfer goods & services to a receiver with a diff culture, & where some of the items are already accepted as valuables, but are scarce goods. The goods & services introduced from the outside are considered as stimuli for action & split into 2 components (1) capital: mechanized boats, fishing nets, subsidies & loans & (2) value-set: the soc'ization of habits, skills & att's necessary for the operation of the new equipment. It is shown that the unequal reception of the new technology by the diff parts of the community in some cases have increased rather than reduced the inequality of living standards which existed prior to the introduction of the aid program & have accelerated econ growth in that part of the pop which already for some time had been in a process of their own econ development. The possibilities of changing the opinions and values of that group of the community which does not react adequately to the new stimuli are discussed. Modified AA.

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to show that smart item technologies, like RFID and sensor networks, are considered the next big step in business process automation. Through automatic real‐time data acquisition, these technologies can provide benefits to a variety of industries by improving the efficiency of their operations. A service‐oriented infrastructure is proposed that enables the integration of RFID, wireless sensor networks and embedded systems technologies with existing business processes.Design/methodology/approachThis paper discusses the system requirements of a smart items infrastructure in detail. Based on these requirements, the overall infrastructure and the constituting components are introduced. Also, using two real‐world scenarios, it is shown how the proposed infrastructure can be used.FindingsThe paper found a set of technical requirements for a smart items infrastructure. The research resulted in the architectural design presented.Originality/valueTo the best of one's knowledge, this paper is the first to identify and explain the technical requirements for a holistic smart items infrastructure. The service‐oriented system architecture provides a new approach to a flexible/adaptable infrastructure for ubiquitous computing. By pointing out requirements and open issues, the paper identifies interesting topics for future research in this area.

The M. H. Ross Papers contain information pertaining to labor, politics, social issues of the twentieth century, coal mining and its resulting lifestyle, as well as photographs and audio materials. The collection is made up of five different accessions; L2001-05, which is contained in boxes one through 104, L2002-09 in boxes 106 through 120, L2006-16 in boxes 105 and 120, L2001-01 in boxes 120-121, and L2012-20 in boxes 122-125. The campaign materials consist of items from the 1940 and 1948 political campaigns in which Ross participated. These items include campaign cards, posters, speech transcripts, news clippings, rally materials, letters to voters, and fliers. Organizing and arbitration materials covers labor organizing events from "Operation Dixie" in Georgia, the furniture workers in North Carolina, and the Mine-Mill workers in the Western United States. Organizing materials include fliers, correspondence, news articles, radio transcripts, and some related photos. Arbitration files consist of agreements, decisions, and agreement booklets. The social and political research files cover a wide time period (1930's to the late 1970's/early 1980's). The topics include mainly the Ku Klux Klan, racism, Communism, Red Scare, red baiting, United States history, and literature. These files consist mostly of news and journal articles. Ross interacted with coal miners while doing work for the United Mine Workers Association (UMWA) and while working at the Fairmont Clinic in West Virginia. Included in these related files are books, news articles, journals, UMWA reports, and coal miner oral histories conducted by Ross. Tying in to all of the activities Ross participated in during his life were his research and manuscript files. He wrote numerous newspaper and journal articles on history and labor. Later, as he worked for the UMWA and at the Fairmont Clinic, he wrote more in-depth articles about coal miners, their lifestyle, and medical problems they faced (while the Southern Labor Archives has many of Ross's coal mining and lifestyle articles, it does not have any of his medical articles). Along with these articles are the research files Ross collected to write them, which consist of notes, books, and newspaper and journal articles. In additional to his professional career, Ross was adamant about documenting his and his wife's family history in the oral history format. Of particular interest are the recordings of his interviews with his wife's family - they were workers, musicians, and singers of labor and folk songs. Finally, in this collection are a number of photographs and slides, which include images of organizing, coal mining (from the late 19th through 20th centuries), and Appalachia. Of note is a small photo album from the 1930s which contains images from the Summer School for Workers, and more labor organizing. A few audio items are available as well, such as Ross political speeches and an oral history in which Ross was interviewed by his daughter, Jane Ross Davis in 1986. All photographic and audio-visual materials are at the end of their respective series. ; Myron Howard "Mike" Ross was born November 9, 1919 in New York City. He dropped out of school when he was seventeen and moved to Texas, where he worked on a farm. From 1936 until 1939, Ross worked in a bakery in North Carolina. In the summer of 1938, he attended the Southern School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina. During the fall of 1938, Ross would attend the first Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama. He would attend this conference again in 1940 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. From 1939 to 1940, Ross worked for the United Mine Workers Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, working under John L. Lewis. He was hired as a union organizer by the United Mine Workers of America, and sent to Saltville, Virginia and Rockwood, Tennessee. In 1940, Ross ran for a seat on city council on the People's Platform in Charlotte, North Carolina. During this time, he also married Anne "Buddie" West of Kennesaw, Georgia. From 1941 until 1945, Ross served as an infantryman for the United States Army. He sustained injuries near the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944. From 1945 until 1949, Ross worked for the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, then part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), as a union organizer. He was sent to Macon, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia and to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he worked with the United Furniture Workers Union. He began handling arbitration for the unions. In 1948, Ross ran for United States Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in North Carolina. He also served as the secretary for the North Carolina Progressive Party. Ross attended the University of North Carolina law school from 1949 to 1952. He graduated with honors but was denied the bar on the grounds of "character." From 1952 until 1955, he worked for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers as a union organizer, first in New Mexico (potash mines) and then in Arizona (copper mines). From 1955 to 1957, Ross attended the Columbia University School of Public Health. He worked for the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund from 1957 to 1958, where he represented the union in expenditure of health care for mining workers. By 1958, Ross began plans for what would become the Fairmont Clinic, a prepaid group practice in Fairmont, West Virginia, which had the mission of providing high quality medical care for miners and their families. From 1958 until 1978, Ross served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic. As a result of this work, Ross began researching coal mining, especially coal mining lifestyle, heritage and history of coal mining and disasters. He would interview over one hundred miners (coal miners). Eventually, Ross began writing a manuscript about the history of coal mining. Working for the Rural Practice Program of the University of North Carolina from 1980 until 1987, Ross taught in the medical school. M. H. Ross died on January 31, 1987 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ; Digitization of the M. H. Ross Papers was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the present profile of technical education, their problems and prospects and to find out the causes in case of slow implantation and low achievements of target. The sample of the study consisted of 40 experts of technical education, 35 principals, 175 teachers and 350 students which were selected randomly. A questionnaire was developed for principals, teachers and students of polytechnic institutes/colleges of technology. This questionnaire consisted of 59 items. An interview was also conducted with the experts of technical education about problems and suggestion regarding. The data was statically analyzed using percentages and chisquare test. The study revealed that objectives and policies were not matching. It was further found that major causes of the problems were political instability and improper monitoring, out dated curricula, inadequate budget, outdated teaching methodologies, lack of proper linkage between technical education and industry. The study recommended that a National Council for Technical Education may be activated to regulate technical education. It is recommended to strengthen the public-private partnerships. The study also recommended that national occupational skills standards, curricula and trade testing certification system may be developed.

In this technical paper, we use Irish SILC data for 2019 to assess the validity of the existing deprivation and consistent poverty measures. Currently, the Central Statistics Office, the Irish Government, and researchers use an 11-item indicator to capture deprivation and consistent poverty in Ireland. We test the validity of this measure by running the original 2006 analysis (based on SILC 2004) using 2019 SILC data and comparing the results. We find that, in terms of reliability, a 15-item measure is a slight improvement on the 11-item measure proposed in 2006. However, we also find that the original 11-item measure captures deprivation well and has reliable internal consistency and validity. The differences between the 11-item measure and our proposed 15-item measure are minor and hardly sufficient to justify loss of continuity over time. Researchers should continue using the 11-item measure. ; 1st.

"January 1979." ; Shipping list no.: 89-8-P. ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 14

The first part of the article is a general critique of radical media/cultural studies; the second is an illustration of these criticisms detailed through analysis of one media student's treatment of a newspaper. In general, the authors find media studies do not establish that their reading of materials is the reading made by media consumers; that the bias they allege in the media is not significant; that they set up a false and irrelevant model of what the media producers are trying/claiming to do; that they displace the technical-professional interests of media producers with their own ideological interests and that their analysis of texts is crude. In particular, they show how trivial identifications are turned into significant ones; how items are transformed in their transfer from media page to media criticism page; and how readings of a media text are argumentatively and constrastively organized. In summary it is argued that such plausibility as the media critics' arguments possess derives not from the accuracy but from the presentational organization of their analysis.

Includes bibliographies. ; alternative measures of poverty on Title I of the elementary and secondary education act, by A. Khan.--17. The sensitivity of the incidence of poverty to different measures of income, school-aged children and families, by Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.--18. Characteristics of low-income populations under alternative poverty definitions, by L. Brown. ; 1. Documentation of background information and rationale for current poverty matrix, by M. Orshansky.--2. Administrative and legislative uses of the terms "poverty," "low-income," and other related items. --4. Bureau of Labor statistics (BLS) family budgets program, by M. K. Sherwood.--5. The consumer price index, by J. King.--6. Wealth and the accounting period in the measurement of means, by E. Steuerle, N. McClung.--7. In-kind income and the measurement of poverty, by J. Peskin.--8. The 1972-73 consumer expenditure survey.--9. Inventory of federal data bases related to the measurement of poverty, by C. Citro.--10. Effect of using a poverty definiton based on household income, by J. McNeil. --12. Food plans for poverty measurenemt, by B. Peterkin.--13. Relative poverty, by J. McNeil.--14. Relative measure of poverty, by S. Stephenson.--15. Analytical support for cost-of-living differentials in the poverty threshold, by Economic Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.--16. Implications of ; Mode of access: Internet.

The study focused on evolving policy initiatives for effective Vocational Technical Education (VTE) on sustainable development. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design and was carried out in North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. The population for the study was 450 respondents (VTE teachers/lecturers, government officials, industrialists, and community members). Twenty one Policy Initiative items questionnaire were developed, validated and utilized to collect data for the study. Cronbach Alpha method was used in determining the internal consistency of the questionnaire items. The reliability of the items revealed coefficient of 0.82. The study found out that 21 items were regarded as major purposes / objectives of vocational technical education and were rated as initiatives for policy formulation. It was found out that there were no significant differences in the mean rating of the respondents at 0.05 level of significant. It was recommended that the findings in the study be utilized by government for vocational technical education policy formulation in the North Central Zone of Nigeria.

The study focused on evolving policy initiatives for effective Vocational Technical Education (VTE) on sustainable development. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design and was carried out in North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. The population for the study was 450 respondents (VTE teachers/lecturers, government officials, industrialists, and community members). Twenty one Policy Initiative items questionnaire were developed, validated and utilized to collect data for the study. Cronbach Alpha method was used in determining the internal consistency of the questionnaire items. The reliability of the items revealed coefficient of 0.82. The study found out that 21 items were regarded as major purposes / objectives of vocational technical education and were rated as initiatives for policy formulation. It was found out that there were no significant differences in the mean rating of the respondents at 0.05 level of significant. It was recommended that the findings in the study be utilized by government for vocational technical education policy formulation in the North Central Zone of Nigeria.