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Using Clark Kerr's observations on the American research university in the post-World War II era as a discussion point, this paper offers a brief summary of the expansion of the University of California during the 20th century, general observations on the emergence of its contemporary management structure after World War II, and an preliminary assessment of the possible scope of expansion and change in the new century.

The notion of secularization as an incompatibility between modernization and religion derives from the analysis of the process of modernization of Western European societies. This process led to a weight loss of religion in society and to a progressive differentiation of social spheres, such as religion, politics, science, etc. Following on from this analysis the category and the theory were extended to take on a universal scope in order to describe the modernization processes that would occur in other societies. From the very beginning, sociology has provided exceptions to the rule of secularization. The first was noted by de Tocqueville: American exceptionalism. Then came the processes of rapid economic growth of some Asian Pacific countries (Japan, Korea, Singapore, etc.). Progressively, the entry of new countries into the field of interest of sociologists is showing the Eurocentric nature of the concept. The case of Western Europe, which was the rule, became the exception. Even the notion of religion as a separate social sphere is considered by some social scientists to be ethnocentric. Despite its previous Eurocentrism, the notion of secularization remains useful for sociologists. It has served to account for European religious change, and its analytical instruments can be applied to other cases and may be useful for interpreting these cases either with regard to how they adhere to the Western European model, or how they differ from it – still further, if we consider the huge extent of contemporary international migration. If sociologists want to understand the new Western European societies, they must reapply this analytical rather than predictive version of the concept.

Broadside with the program of commencement exercises at Norwich University in Norwich, Vermont, on 18 August 1836; lists speakers for scheduled lectures and orations. ; NORWICH UNIVERSITY. Commencement, Thursday August 18, 1836. ORDER OF EXERCISES. 1. MUSIC. 2. Prayer. 3. MUSIC. 4. Address. Rev. R. Streeter, Woodstock, Vt. 5. History of the Town of Norwich. J. JP. Slafter, Norwich, Fit. 6. Oration.—Vindication of the Principles of Norwich University. C. H. Fay, Lebanon, N. H. 7. Music. 8. Internal Improvement. E. Shotwett, City of New- York. 9. Necessity of a general dissemination of Military Science in a free Government. J. W. Curtis, Warren, Vt 10. Governments and their influence. S. R. Streeter, Woodstock, Vt 11. Forensic Disputation.—Need any danger be apprehended from the existence of Political Parties in a Republic? A. Jackman, Middletown, Ct. M. Wadleigh, Sutton, JY. H. 12. Dialogue in French. J. H. Streeter, Woodstock, Vt R. Frazier, City of Philadelphia. 13. Modern Abolitionism. S. Robbes Peterborough, JY. H. 14. Music. 15. Eulogy on Ex-President Madison. T. Whipple, Wentworth, N. H. 16. Female Education. J. Swett, Claremont, JV4. H. 17. Oration.—European Emigration to the United States. G. Cotton, Claremont, N. H. 18. Eulogy on King Philip. C. D. Gray, Harrisburg, Va. 19. Oration.—European Emigration to the United States. R. Frazier, City of Philadelphia. 20. Oration in French. G. Cotton, Claremont, N. H. 21. Oration, by E. L. Brooks, Esq., of New-York City, Candidate for the degree of A M. 22. Music. 23. Degrees Conferred, 24. Music. 25. Prayer. franklin b. hitchcock.Printer.

The various formulae which have been applied to WWI can be understood as attempts to fit it into nineteenth century categories, which assume that peace is a natural state of affairs. The actual revolutionary side in that war was Bismarckian Germany, in which the realities of the new scientific era were best approximated by social institutions. The military apparatus of Germany was the weak point of the system, hypnotized by traditional concepts, schemes, & goals. The war was against the Western status quo. The energy transformation of the world necessarily occurs through war, which is the most intense means of rapidly releasing accumulated forces. The frontline experience was fundamental to the new image of the world. In this experience, death was a continuous presence. This experience has been denied by later developments, leaving the world in a state of war-generating peace rather than in the real peace which might emerge from genuine understanding of the war experience. W. H. Stoddard.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Art List -- 1.1 World's Fair, Paris, 1889 -- 1.2 Marie Curie in her laboratory -- 1.3 "Even the Walls Have Ears" (1854) -- 1.4 New York skyline, 1904 -- 1.5 Queen Victoria presents a Bible to a colonial subject -- 1.6 "The Seine at Argenteuil" (1874) -- 1.7 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) -- 2.1 Imperial Palace, Peking -- 2.2 Saigon Cathedral, c. 1920 -- 2.3 "The Greedy Boy" (1885) -- 2.4 David Livingstone (1817-1873) -- 2.5 Colonial District Officer from an African perspective -- 2.6 Indian durbar, 1903 -- 3.1 Panama Canal, 1915 -- 3.2 Advertisement for Ivory soap (1913) -- 3.3 View of Chicago -- 3.4 Trading Company Building, Central Africa, c. 1930 -- 3.5 Migrant worker in the Great Depression, 1936 -- 3.6 German banknote from 1923 -- 3.7 Bomb destruction, England, 1940 -- 4.1 "The Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789" (1859) -- 4.2 Karl Marx (1818-1883) -- 4.3 "The Events of May 1870 -- 4.4 Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) -- 4.5 Sun Yat-sen (1867-1925) -- 5.1 Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870-1924) -- 5.2 "Did You Join As Volunteers?" (c. 1920) -- 5.3 Workers on a collective farm, 1944 -- 5.4 Spanish battalion, c. 1937 118 -- 5.5 Striking workers, United States, 1934 -- 6.1 Hitler and SA troops, 1935 -- 6.2 Mussolini and Hitler, 1940 -- 6.3 Fascist party leader in Brazil, 1932 -- 6.4 Holocaust -- 6.5 Soviet poster from the World War II period -- 7.1 President Julius Nyerere (1922-1999) -- 7.2 Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) with three women -- 7.3 Jewish settlers, 1946 -- 7.4 Governor-General's palace, Brazzaville, Congo, c. 1935 -- 7.5 Big Three at Yalta, 1945 -- 7.6 Vietnamese refugees, 1968 -- 7.7 Celebrating democracy, Windhoek, Namibia, 1990 -- 8.1 Chinese Cultural Revolution poster -- 8.2 Banana plantation, Costa Rica, 1997 -- 8.3 Fidel Castro (1926-)

Recognized as one of the founding fathers of the documentary style, August Sander is the creator of many iconic twentieth-century photographs. Towards the end of the First World War, while working from his studio in Cologne, Sander began what would become his life's work: a photographic portrait of German society under the Weimar Republic. He called this endeavor People of the 20th Century. While his first publication was banned from sale in 1936 by the National Socialist government, in around 1938 Sander began taking identity photographs for persecuted Jews. During the Second World War he photographed migrant workers; Sander included these images, as well as some taken by his son Erich from the prison where he would die in 1944, in People of the 20th Century, along with portraits of national socialists made before and during the war. Sander was unable to publish his monumental work during his lifetime, but his descendants champion his vision to this day. These photographs are published together for the first time here, along with contact prints, letters and details about the lives of those photographed. They are portraits of dignified men and women, victims of an ideology taking their rightful place as "People of the 20th Century" in defiance of Nazi efforts to ostracize them. "Ungeachtet einer hochemotionalen Seite des Themas, scheint sich der Künstler Zurückhaltung im bildnerischen Zugriff verordnet zu haben. Weder macht er aus den jüdischen Menschen geknechtete Opfer noch aus den Täten Hyänen. Sanders Juden strahlen gefasste Würde aus, während die Männer in Uniform als reichlich normale Bürger in die Kamera blicken: Biedermänner, deren Potential als Brandstifter die Geschichte allerdings schon damals offenbarte. Diese dokumentarische Haltung macht das Unternehmen insgesamt stimmig und verleiht ihm à la longue politische Wucht. Schnell war sich die Jury einig: In der Brisanz des Themas, seiner gelungenen konzeptionellen Umsetzung im Verein mit einer handwerklich überzeugenden Übersetzung in ein Buch hat dieser bei Steidl erschienene herausragende Band den diesjährigen Deutschen Fotobuchpreis in der Kategorie "Fotograf (Monografien)" ungeteilt verdient" (Deutscher Fotobuchpreis 18 |19, Kategorie: Fotograf (Monografie), Laudatio zur Preisverleihung am 16.11.2018, Laudator: Hans-Michael Koetzle)

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