Suchergebnisse

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Interpretation des im forstpolitikwissenschaftlichen Sprachgebrauch gängigen Begriffs "Urbane Waldbesitzer" aus Perspektive bayerischer Beratungsförster und nichtbäuerlicher Waldbesitzer beleuchtet. Die theoretische Basis liefern motivationspsychologische Modelle von Heckhausen (1989), Herzberg (1959) und Alderfer (1969). Für die Perspektivendiskussion werden die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Auswertungen einer schriftlichen Befragung unter 207 Beratungsförstern sowie narrativer Leitfadeninterviews herangezogen. Mit dem Begriff "Urbane Waldbesitzer" werden vorrangig Waldbesitzer charakterisiert, deren Motive von der Norm landwirtschaftlicher Waldbesitzer abweichen. Beim Begriff "Urbane Waldbesitzer" handelt es sich somit um ein Symbol für erlebte Veränderungen auf Grund des Strukturwandels in der Landwirtschaft. ; The study includes the interpretation of the term "Urban Forest Owners", evaluated on the basis of motivation-psychological models by Heckhausen (1989), Herzberg (1959) and Alderfer (1969). Therefore a qualitative questionnaire survey of 207 Bavarian governmental forest consultants and narrative interviews with non-agricultural forest owners are analysed. The results show that forest owners, that differ from the traditional norm expectations of the consultants are interpreted to be "Urban Forest Owners". Hence the term "Urban Forest Owners" can be interpreted to be a symbol of the effects of the structural change in agriculture.

The essay discusses Danish urban politics and its present-day challenges in two partly separated sections: first, the intra-urban issues of social change, marginalisation and exclusion, and related problems; and secondly, inter-urban or regional development. Finally, the essay ends with a discussion of current trends in urban policy: are we on our way to more market domination and less state control? Urban policy is a quite broad topic, which cannot easily be defined. In this essay, urban policy is used more pragmatically. In general, it can be used in three different ways: as a policy directed towards steering and regulating cities and their internal conditions; as a sector policy targeted at specific urban phenomena, such as traffic policy, housing and planning policies; and as sector policies, such as financial or social policy with unintended urban effects. This essay will focus on the first, intended sort of urban policies, although others forms have had major impact on the shaping of urban conditions.

The phenomenon of urban blight dates back to the 19th century when industrialisation starting in Europe and North America initiated an uncontrolled urban growth in combination with strong demand in cheap an quickly constructed housing. Ghettoisation of mainly the working-class population and other "marginal groups" were the consequence together with a constant decay of single buildings, whole blocks and quarters. These general aspects of urban blight with its additional facettes or aspects residential, commercial, industrial, physical, functional and social blight can be presupposed and will not be topic of this paper. Nevertheless urban blight is by no means a topic of the past, it still today challenges apart from geographers a remarkable number of other disciplines (urban and landscape planners and designers, economists, sociologists, medical sciences, etc., not to forget politicians, the media, and last but not least the city dwellers themselves). While urban blight, urban decay, - decline, or - crisis originally seemed to be a problem of the big cities and metropolises it meanwhile also affects the small towns and centers. By the example of two Styrian small towns, Murau and Eisenerz, both counting less than 5.000 inhabitants each some of the many reasons for their being confronted with symptoms of urban blight will be addressed together with the up to now largely unsolved question which possible counter strategies could be successfully applied. One namely "urban redesign" has been chosen from a number of others mainly because it has been selected by the city of Eisenerz as a strategy against urban blight and to fight the dramatic population losses of 7867 citizens between 1951 (pop.: 12948) and 2010 (pop.: 5087). The crucial questions for the future to be discussed facing the present world wide monetary crisis will be: 1. Will there be enough money to finance the necessary rescue measures? 2. Who pays and bears the risks of a failure? 3. Is it worth while and justified to invest huge amounts of public money into a seemingly bottomless barrel or 4. borrowing an idea from the human hospice-movement: would it not be wiser, more human, and cost-efficient to spend much less money for those measures only that are needed to guarantee a patient (city) with little or uncertain perspectives for the future a survival in dignity. Knowing that the hospice movement was severely questioned in its initial phase although today it is widely accepted and respected the transformation of this idea into the urban sphere as one means to discuss the problem of urban decay and urban blight seems justified.

Burglary and robbery rates in St. Louis, Missouri, are investigated as functions of census unemployment levels taken in 1970 and 1980 for twelve yearly cross sections of crime rates, with all rates aggregated to the level of census tracts for analyses. The relationship of burglary and robbery rates to unemployment is found to be positive, and the interactive (logged) model is found to be the one most consistent with theory as well as the best predictive model. The magnitude of unemployment effects is large, and the policy implication is that urban areas fighting crime would benefit substantially from successfully targeted employment programs.

Nachbarschaftsgärten und Interkulturelle Gärten, bepflanzte Baumscheiben und Fassaden mit Obst zum Selbsternten, temporäre Gemüsebeete auf Brachen und blühende Straßeninseln werden als Ausdruck einer neuen urbanen Agrikultur interpretiert. Nicht nur Streuobstwiesen und Äcker am Stadtrand, auch Selbsterntefelder und die Nutzung temporärer Wälder als Kurzumtriebsplantagen gehören neuerdings zu den als produktive Stadtlandschaften bezeichneten landwirtschaftlich und gärtnerisch genutzten stadtregionalen Grünräumen. Landwirtschaft und Gartenbau in der Stadt scheinen en vogue, und die Zahl neuer Projekte wächst kontinuierlich. Aber auch in den Fachdiskussionen befassen sich zahlreiche Beiträge zu innovativen Ansätzen für eine zukunftsfähige und nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung mit dem Phänomen des urbanen Gärtnerns und der urbanen Landwirtschaft. Dieser Band betrachtet auf der Grundlage aktueller Forschungsergebnisse und Praxisbeispiele die Relevanz des Themas für die Zukunftsfähigkeit der Städte und Stadtregionen. Identifiziert werden neue Herausforderungen für den kommunalen Umgang mit Landwirtschaft und Gärten.

Urban Ecology -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Advisory Board -- Introduction -- Urban Ecology - Scientific and Practical Aspects -- Towards Ecological Sustainable Cities: Strategies, Models and Tools -- Ecological Cities - Models, Environmental Aims, Standards 1 -- Perspectives on the Environment: New Options -- Workshop: Environmental Quality Aims and Ecological Aims 1.1 -- Environmental Accounting on a Communal Level -- Urban Development and Environmental Policy: Objectives Outline of a Multi-disciplinary Research Programme -- Environmental Quality Goals and Standards as a Basis and Way to an Agenda 21 for Leipzig -- Environmental Quality Targets for Urban Structural Units in Leipzig with a View to Sustainable Urban Development -- The Role of "Process Chains Analysis" in Investigating Environmental Problems of Cities -- Environmental Quality Targets in the City of Wiesbaden -- Assessing the Metabolism of Urban Systems for Urban Planning -- Workshop: Urban Climate 1.2 -- The Urban Climate and Municipal Climate Protection - Different Sides of the Same Coin? -- A Case Study on the Effects of Vegetation on the Climate in the Urban Area -- Assessment of Human-Biometeorological Conditions in Different Kinds of Urban Structures -- Models for Setting up a Biometeorological Warning System over a Populated Area in Havana -- Workshop: Air Pollution 1.3 -- Air Quality in a Tropical Mega-City - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -- Airborne Pollutants from Mobile Sources for the City of Mendoza, Argentina -- Suburban Commercial Estates and their Impact on the Situation of Immissions in the City of Leipzig -- Assessment of Ambient Air Quality in an Urban Ecosystem -- Estimation of Air Quality by Complex Index -- Workshop: Water Management 1.4 -- Sustainable Berlin by Process Coupling between City and Catchment.