Suchergebnisse

"In diesem Beitrag steht die Frage im Mittelpunkt, ob die Geldpolitik in der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion geeignet ist, die Probleme der Arbeitslosigkeit und der Inflation zu bekämpfen und im Euro-Währungsgebiet Vollbeschäftigung herzustellen. Zu dem wirtschaftlichen Aussichten des Euro-Währungsgebietes zählen bei einer ohnehin schon hohen Arbeitslosenquote ein verlangsamtes Wachstum und steigende Arbeitslosigkeit. Die politischen Vereinbarungen rund um den Euro sind in den Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspakt und in die Geldpolitik der Europäischen Zentralbank eingebettet. Das Papier befasst sich mit der Geldpolitik und zeigt auf, dass die institutionellen und politischen Vereinbarungen nicht geeignet sind, um im Euro-Währungsgebiet die Voraussetzungen für Vollbeschäftigung zu schaffen. Die Autoren schlagen daher alternative politische Regelungen vor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Die vorliegende Analyse befasst sich eingehend mit den am neuen Geldmarkt des Euro-Währungsgebiets getätigten Geschäften sowie mit den Bestimmungsgründen der Zinsbildung. Durch eine nur marginal modifizierte Taylor Regel wird in einer empirischen Analyse versucht, die tatsächliche Entwicklung des EONIAs für das Euro-Währungsgebiet sowie für einige Mitgliedstaaten nachzubilden. Die gefundenen Ergebnisse zeigen ein gemischtes Bild. In einer weiteren Analyse wird dann eine Beziehung vom Typ der Taylor Regel mittels der Kointegrationsanalyse geschätzt, wobei man Taylor-Zinssätze erhält, die erheblich besser an den EONIA angepasst sind.

Die vorliegende Analyse befasst sich eingehend mit den am neuen Geldmarkt des Euro-Währungsgebiets getätigten Geschäften sowie mit den Bestimmungsgründen der Zinsbildung. Durch eine nur marginal modifizierte Taylor Regel wird in einer empirischen Analyse versucht, die tatsächliche Entwicklung des EONIAs für das Euro-Währungsgebiet sowie für einige Mitgliedstaaten nachzubilden. Die gefundenen Ergebnisse zeigen ein gemischtes Bild. In einer weiteren Analyse wird dann eine Beziehung vom Typ der Taylor Regel mittels der Kointegrationsanalyse geschätzt, wobei man Taylor-Zinssätze erhält, die erheblich besser an den EONIA angepasst sind.

Diese Masterarbeit setzt sich mit der Erfüllung der Maastricht-Nominalkriterien und der Kriterien der Theorie optimaler Währungsräume auseinander. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Analyse, ob die anfänglichen 12 Mitgliedsländer der Europäischen Währungsunion (EWU) sowohl bei Einführung des Euro wie auch in 2005 neben den Kriterien der Theorie optimaler Währungsräume auch die im Vertrag von Maastricht angeführten nominalen Kriterien erfüllt haben. Darüber hinaus prüft die Arbeit den Zusammenhang zwischen der Erfüllung der Maastricht-Nominalkriterien und Krisenerscheinungen in einzelnen Mitgliedsländern. Folgende drei Forschungsfragen behandelt diese Arbeit: Erfüllten die 12 EWU Mitglieder zum Zeitpunkt der Einführung des Euro sowohl die Kriterien nach der Theorie optimaler Währungsräume sowie die im Vertrag von Maastricht angeführten (nominalen) Kriterien? Erfüllten die 12 EWU Mitglieder Ende 2005 sowohl die Kriterien der Theorie optimaler Währungsräume wie auch die Maastricht-Nominalkriterien? Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Erfüllung der Maastricht-Kriterien und den Krisenerscheinungen in bestimmten Mitgliedsländern? Die Analyse der Maastricht-Nominalkriterien zeigt, dass nur Deutschland und Luxemburg alle Kriterien bei Einführung des Euro erfüllt haben. Die erweiterte Kriterienanalyse ergibt, dass die 12 Mitglieder zum Zeitpunkt der Einführung des Euro keinen optimalen Währungsraum gebildet haben. Auch ex post betrachtet stellt sich die EWU nicht als optimaler Währungsraum dar, wenngleich sich die mit Bildung der EWU und der Einführung des Euro sowie die auf EU-Ebene beschlossenen und auf nationaler Ebene umgesetzten Maßnahmen als integrationsfördernd erwiesen. Die Abhandlung der Krisenursachen verdeutlicht, dass zwischen der Erfüllung der Maastricht-Nominalkriterien in 1999 und der derzeitigen Krisenerscheinung in Griechenland, Irland, Italien, Portugal und Spanien ein Zusammenhang besteht. ; This master thesis deals with the fulfillment of the nominal Maastricht-criteria and the criteria deduced from the theory of optimum currency areas. The main purpose is therefore the analysis of these criteria for the first 12 Euro-introducing member states. In addition, this master thesis tests the fulfilment of the Maastricht-Criteria and the criteria of the theory of optimum currency areas till 2005. Finally the relation between the fulfillment of the Maastricht-criteria and the present crisis phenomena in certain member states is examined. Therefore the following three questions are posed: Do the 12 member states of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) meet both the criteria of the theory of optimum currency areas as well as the nominal Maastricht-criteria at the time of the introduction of the Euro? Do the 12 EMU member states meet both the criteria of the theory of optimum currency areas as well as the nominal Maastricht-criteria in late 2005? Is there a relation between the fulfillment of the Maastricht-criteria and the present crisis phenomena in certain member countries? The analysis of the Maastricht-criteria shows, that only Germany and Luxembourg fulfill all criteria when adopting the Euro. An expanded criteria analysis shows, that the 12 members do not form an optimum currency area in 1999. Considered ex post, EMU is not an optimum currency area - even though the formation of EMU and the introduction of the Euro as well as the adopted and implemented measures on supranational and national levels have led to further integration. Concerning the crisis phenomena in certain EMU member states the discussion shows, that there is a relation between the fulfillment of the Maastricht-criteria in 1999 and the present crisis phenomena in Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. ; Christoph Stachel ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2012 ; (VLID)224983

Die Europäische Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion (EWWU) befindet sich gegenwärtig in einer Schulden- und Vertrauenskrise. Die europäischen Institutionen haben darauf mit einer Reihe von Maßnahmen reagiert: Ein Finanzstabilisierungsmechanismus wurde geschaffen, und die Europäische Zentralbank hat damit begonnen, die Anleihen von denjenigen Mitgliedsstaaten des Euro-Währungsgebietes aufzukaufen, die auf den Finanzmärkten gar nicht mehr oder nur zu relativ hohen Zinsen Finanzmittel aufnehmen können. Zwar können diese Maßnahmen kurzfristig geeignet sein, die Lage zu stabilisieren; langfristig sind sie jedoch problematisch. So wird das Überschuldungsproblem Griechenlands nicht dauerhaft gelöst und die Krisenanfälligkeit sowohl des Finanzsystems als auch der Mitgliedsstaaten selbst wird nicht gemindert. Die durch die ergriffenen Maßnahmen gewonnene Zeit muss unbedingt zur Stärkung der Institutionen im Euro-Währungsgebiet genutzt werden. Eine graduelle Modifikation des Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspaktes oder die Schaffung neuer politischer Institutionen, zum Beispiel einer europäischen Wirtschaftsregierung, wird dies nicht leisten können. Vielmehr bedarf es der Einsicht, dass Krisen Bestandteil marktwirtschaftlich organisierter Volkswirtschaften sind und dass vorab vereinbarte Regeln für den Umgang mit ihnen festgelegt werden müssen. Dazu zählt vor allem eine Insolvenzordnung für Banken und auch für Staaten, um systemische Risiken zu reduzieren.

Seit dem ersten Maiwochenende stehen die Teilnehmerländer für den Beginn der Währungsunion fest: Beteiligt sind die elf Länder, die die Europäische Kommission empfohlen hatte. Werden ihre Wechselkurse in der Interimsphase bis zum Start am 1.1.1999 stabil bleiben? Welches gemeinsame Zinsniveau ist für das Währungsgebiet anzustreben?

Mit dem diesjährigen Nobelpreis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften wurde Robert A. Mundell "für seine Analyse der Geld- und Fiskalpolitik in verschiedenen Wechselkurssystemen und für seine Analyse optimaler Währungsgebiete" ausgezeichnet. Die zugrundeliegenden Arbeiten wurden bereits in der ersten Hälfte der sechziger Jahre veröffentlicht. Wie ist aus heutiger Sicht ihr Stellenwert in der Wirtschaftspolitik und in der Wissenschaft zu beurteilen?

With the current situation in the European Monetary Union in mind, a Monetary Union in other parts of the world seems highly inadvisable. Nevertheless, Africa has some of the oldest Monetary arrangements in the world, dating back to the beginning of the 19th century. Is Africa particularly qualified for a Monetary Union? And furthermore, what features are necessary to make Monetary Arrangements between countries endurable? This study evaluates the prospects and the feasibility of a monetary union in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) from an economic point of view. Both the theory of optimum currency areas and the recent example of the European Monetary Union are employed to analyze the pros and cons of monetary unification. The theoretical implications are operationalized, first, by a broad analysis of economic and socio graphic data, and second, by estimating the degree of structural shock synchronization between SADC countries. Results obtained by an Autoregressive and Vector Autoregressive model indicate that a monetary union which includes all SADC members is neither desirable nor feasible in the foreseeable future. However, the study concludes that a small subset of countries, including South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho, Mozambique, Botswana and Zambia, could gain from forming a smaller monetary union.Christian Sorgenfrei, Jahrgang 1984, Dipl.-Volkswirt, studierte Volkswirtschaftslehre an den Universitäten Konstanz und Lund. Über seine Schwerpunkte Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen und Entwicklungsökonomie hinaus war er unter anderem am Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung und an der KfW Entwicklungsbank im Bereich Subsahara Afrika tätig.

Inhaltsangabe: Introduction and Course of Work: In 2007, at their meeting in Tanzania, the central bank governors of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) laid out a strategy to strengthen regional integration, containing the development of a common market by 2015, fixed exchange rates by 2016, and, ultimately, a monetary union with a single currency in 2018. In pursuit of this agenda, a free trade area absent of intra-regional tariffs was arranged in August 2008 with a regional customs union to follow this year. The currently fourteen member countries of the SADC committed themselves towards achieving economic convergence and to deepen monetary cooperation. In the 21st century, Africa finds itself increasingly separated from economic developments in the remaining world and fails to prosper from increased globalization. Despite a large abundance in natural resources, many countries have suffered from an extremely poor economic performance, which mainly originated from internal strives and weak and distortionary policies. Inward looking governments, conducting clientele policies, are focused on reaping economic rents rather than on fostering growth. Furthermore, tribal conflicts and civil war have sparked recurring border conflicts with neighboring countries. Although Africa has seen a large number of regional arrangements and trading blocs throughout the continent, the overall success for growth and trade expansion was limited. Against this background, the formation of a monetary union is believed to counteract economic and political weaknesses, to improve regional cooperation and to enhance both the political and economic standing in the world. A monetary union and a common currency entails both gains and losses for its members. On the cost side, countries in a monetary union effectively loose the ability to pursue independent monetary policies and to use the exchange rate as adjustment instrument to stabilize the economy. On the other hand, countries inside a monetary union benefit from reduced transaction costs and the elimination of internal exchange rate volatility. Furthermore, countries which suffer from weak internal stability and high inflation rates benefit by using the fixed exchange rate in a monetary union as external anchor. By transferring the power over monetary policy to a supranational central bank, the risk of homegrown inflation and currency devaluations is banished and economic agents are able to borrow at more favorable interest rates. Both the gains and losses from a monetary union are determined by structural characteristics inside the countries. If, in total, the benefits from a single currency exceed the costs in that the constraints imposed by fixed exchange rates are not harmful to the economy, the countries constitute an optimum currency area. In essence, the theory of optimum currency areas considers the desirability for each country to join a monetary union. The trade off between costs and benefits is affected by three features: First, the degree of intra-country trade influences the gains in efficiency and reduced uncertainty from fixing the exchange rate. Second, the degree of correlation in output fluctuations determines whether a common monetary policy is adequate for all countries. And third, the response to output shocks is eased by several adjustment mechanisms, including price flexibility and factor mobility, which restore the initial equilibrium. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a monetary union in Southern Africa is both desirable and feasible from an economic point of view, to discuss institutional challenges and requirements, and to give direction for which countries are best candidates to form a monetary union. Both the motivation and requirements for a successful monetary union are drawn from the theory of optimum currency areas. Unfortunately, the various aspects of the theory have been gradually developed over time and are often confounded and fragmentary in theoretical work. The aim is therefore to first derive a framework that includes relevant benefits and costs, which are subsequently related to country-specific structural criteria. Since economic integration is an important aspect for Africa, emphasis will be put on the endogenous trade effects of monetary integration. Similarly, special attention is given to fiscal distortions and weak institutions, which are sources of high inflation rates and low monetary credibility. Next, the theoretical foundations are applied to the SADC to examine the suitability of countries to form a monetary union. Although a number of studies have discussed monetary integration in various parts of Africa (Masson and Pattillo 2001, Debrun, Masson and Pattillo 2005, and Houssa 2008, for instance, cover monetary unification in West Africa while Kishor and Ssozi 2009 analyze the East African Community), relatively little has been done concerning the SADC in particular. Relevant exceptions are Agbeyegbe, Bayoumi and Ostry, Buigut and Valev, Karras and Khamfula and Huizinga. However, while the studies mentioned typically focus on one aspect of the theory of optimum currency areas, there are very few attempts so far to include all relevant aspects in one framework. Overall, the findings suggest that a monetary union encompassing the whole SADC is infeasible at this stage, and unlikely in the foreseeable future. However, there is evidence for a monetary union consisting of a smaller group of countries, based on the long standing CMA arrangement. In addition to South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland, countries proposed for a monetary union are Botswana, Mozambique and Zambia. On the other hand, there is little evidence that the remaining countries would benefit from monetary unification in any time soon. Countries in the SADC generally differ much in their economic and political development. While some countries, namely South Africa, feature a relatively advanced economy, other countries like Congo and Zimbabwe experienced economic deterioration and high inflation rates. Especially the findings of low regional trade intensities do not hold much promise of large gains from transaction cost savings. Furthermore, both the comovement of business cycles and the correlation of output disturbances are strikingly low, indicating that a common monetary policy is unsuited for most countries. For a small number of countries with a history of high and volatile inflation rates, a common, stable currency would be however attractive in giving higher price stability and an institutional framework to insulate monetary policy from domestic fiscal pressures. Nevertheless, this path is unrealistic since it will be impossible to merge the interests of undisciplined countries with those of low inflation countries like South Africa. In sum, it is inadvisable to proceed with monetary unification to rashly. A monetary union is far from certain to promote regional integration and should not be seen as substitute for political initiatives to solve regional problems and restraining poor fiscal policies. The analysis is divided into three main sections: Section 2 reviews the theoretical implications from the theory of optimum currency areas. After introducing the benefits and costs from monetary unification, both the traditional and endogenous criteria are described to judge the desirability of a monetary union. Next, two models of monetary policy are presented so as to formalize the concept of monetary cooperation. Section 3 subsequently applies the criteria to the SADC. Special attention is given to the correlation of business cycles and comovement of output shocks. A structural vector autoregression analysis is carried out in order to separate underlying supply and demand shocks from output disturbances. Section 4 evaluates the feasibility of a monetary union in the SADC by drawing lessons from the CMA and EMU. Finally, further challenges in the transition to a monetary union are pointed out. Section 5 summarizes and concludes.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: List of Figuresiii List of Tablesiii List of Abbreviationsiii 1.Introduction1 2.Theoretical Foundations of the Optimum Currency Area Theory5 2.1Benefits and Costs of Monetary Integration7 2.1.1Benefits of Monetary Integration8 2.1.2Costs of Monetary Integration11 2.2Criteria of Optimum Currency Areas12 2.3Endogenous Effects in Monetary Integration17 2.4Policy Implications20 2.5Fiscal Distortions and Monetary Credibility22 2.6Theoretical Conclusions27 3.Theory and Empirical Evidence in the Southern African Development Community28 3.1The Economic Situation and Convergence in Southern Africa29 3.2Empirical Approaches of the Optimum Currency Area Theory and Evidence in Southern Africa38 3.3Correlation and Structure of Output Shocks and Business Cycles46 3.4Results52 4.Evaluating the feasibility of the SADC as a Monetary Union and future Prospects54 4.1The Experience of the Common Monetary Area56 4.2Lessons from the European Monetary Union58 4.3The role of Monetary and Fiscal Policies in Southern Africa60 4.4Challenges and the Path to a Monetary Union62 5.Summary and Conclusion68 AAppendix70 A.1Appendix for Section 2.570 A.2Appendix for Section 3.372Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 3, Theory and Empirical Evidence in the Southern African Development Community: To recapitulate: The main criteria which have been identified in the optimum currency area theory are (i) the correlation of output shocks, (ii) the extent of regional trade and production diversification, (iii) financial integration, (iv) price flexibility and factor mobility, and (v), inflation differentials and fiscal distortions. It is generally accepted that the formation of a monetary union requires participants to first achieve convergence in a variety of criteria. In this respect, fiscal and institutional convergence and low debt burdens are of special interest since both are a measure of sustainable economic policy. Furthermore, a similar level of per capita income indicates that countries have comparable institutional developments and interests. A monetary union that fails to satisfy these preconditions tends to be instable and may lack credibility from the very beginning. Over the last years however, a number countries in the SADC have experienced an increasing rate of divergence. The transition process in the SADC towards a monetary union is supported by a number of preceding arrangements. The Southern African Customs Union between South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland has promoted a certain degree of regional trade. Economic integration has been however limited since the main objective of the customs union was to ease the collection of customs duties rather than industrial cooperation. Regional integration within the SADC advanced in 2008 with the Free Trade Area, which established zero tariffs for 85% of traded goods. However, for goods that have been declared as import-sensitive, most notably food and clothing, liberalization has been deferred. The overall impact on regional trade is therefore uncertain. Despite various efforts for trade liberalization in the past, political commitment has been low so far. Financial relations in the SADC are mainly limited to foreign direct investments. Nevertheless, some recent efforts have been made to harmonize national payment systems. Moreover, the SADC has agreed to work towards full currency convertibility. Since microeconomic data for Africa is scarce, the empirical evidence on optimum currency areas is mainly based on the correlation of output shocks and inflation or exchange rate differentials. Of the other criteria, factor mobility and price flexibility are especially hard to measure and estimates rely on very few observations. Not all of the criteria can therefore be analyzed in similar depth or for the same set of countries. Data was obtained from the World Bank World Development Indicators, the United Nations statistics division, the International Monetary Fund and the African Economic Outlook Database. 3.1, The Economic Situation and Convergence in Southern Africa: The SADC is unique among all regional arrangements in Africa due to the dominant role of South Africa. With a share of over 65% in real GDP (USD at 2000 prices) and 18% of the total population, South Africa is by far the largest and most industrialized economy in the region. In comparison, the remaining countries differ remarkably in size, income and economic structure. The Seychelles, the smallest country with little more than 85,000 residents, is the richest country with a real per capita income (in PPP) of over 19,000 USD in 2008 while Congo and Zimbabwe are among the poorest countries in the world with a real per capita income of approximately 290 USD and 185 USD respectively (see table 1). Life expectancy is low for most countries with an average of 53 years (ranging from 44 years in Zimbabwe to 73 years in the Seychelles) which is an indicator for the high poverty rate among the population. Income inequality as measured by the GINI Index varies considerably across contries, where South Africa (58), Angola (58) and Namibia (70) display one of the highest inequalities worldwide. Economic growth was robust for almost all countries since 1990 except in Congo and Zimbabwe and accelerated in Angola, Mauritius, Tanzania and Mozambique in recent years. Average annual GDP growth from 1990-2008 was highest for Angola (6.2%) due to increasing oil export revenues, but also the most volatile with a standard deviation of 10.5. In the four countries of the CMA, the growth performance was driven by the end of Apartheid in South Africa in 1994 and averaged to 3.7% from 1990-2008. The reeintegration of the South African economy in the world market attracted new foreign investors and trade, and more than tripled growth rates in the post-Apartheid period (from 1980-1992 the average was 1.1. On the other hand, Zimbabwe and until recently Congo experienced a drastic fall in income levels. While Congo still suffers from the aftermath of the civil war and political instability, Zimbabwe was run down by the Mugabe regime. Since at the same time these countries also have the lowest per capita income levels, it appears that the economies in the SADC diverge. Figure (4) illustrates the relationship between average per capita growth rates and relative income for 14 SADC members in the period 1990-2008. The results show that most countries with an initially high income level also had the highest average growth rates, which led to a widening of the income gap (striking examples are Botswana and Mauritius). The ambiguous relationship is a sign that positive developments in individual countries were determined by external factors rather than by improved regional cooperation. Production structure and trade: Production and export structures vary to a large extent among the SADC. While South Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe and Swaziland have a relatively advanced manufacturing sector, most other countries depend on primary goods production (except for Mauritius which is specialized in financial services). In the rural countries Malawi, Tanzania, Congo, Mozambique and Madagascar, agriculture still accounts for a large, although declining production share. Raw materials (mining and oil) are a main income source for Angola, Botswana, Zambia, Congo and Namibia and contribute to a large part of foreign reserves. Accordingly, those countries usually exhibit surpluses in their trade and current account (see table 1). Similar to production structures, the composition of merchandise trade reported in table (2) differs considerably across countries. A higher income level is generally associated with high export shares in manufacturing and primary products, while low income countries tend to export food products and import manufactures. As a result of different production and trade structures, the ratio of intra-industry trade are ineffectual small for all countries except South Africa, reflecting the low degree of industrialization. Regional trade in the SADC is dominated by South Africa, which exports high value manufactures in return for small amounts of raw material imports. Especially countries inside the SACU maintain important trade connections to South Africa. Commodity imports from South Africa represent on average over 44% of total imports in other SADC countries and account for approximately 80% of total imports in Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia and Botswana (see table 3). On the other hand, export shares from the SADC towards South Africa amounts to only 15% on average with Swaziland (38%), Namibia and Lesotho (both 27%) having the strongest trade linkages. As a result, South Africa typically generates substantial regional trade surpluses. In contrast, trade integration among the remaining SADC countries is at very low levels, also because of a shortage in infrastructure. The only substantial trade flows are between neighboring Namibia and Angola (10% of Namibias exports), Zimbabwe and neighboring Zambia (14% of Zimbabwes exports) and landlocked Swaziland and Mozambique (9% of Swazilands exports). Although informal trade is assumed to account for a large proportion of total trade, most of the regional trade flows are negligible. To promote intra-regional trade, various efforts have been started in recent years. Overall trade has been substantially liberalized in the past and import restrictions reduced so that effective tariff protection rates declined in most countries. Accordingly, the average share of regional merchandise exports in percent to total merchandise exports increased from 8% in 1990 to 19% in 2008, and overall merchandise exports have grown on average by 10% per year since 1990.

Cover -- Teil 1: Einleitung -- Teil 2: Die Grundlagen der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion für einen einheitlichen Währungsraum -- A. Der Weg zur einheitlichen Währung: Die Entstehungsgeschichte der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion -- B. Die Konstruktion der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion -- I. Der Euro als einheitliche Währung -- II. Die Währungsunion und Währungspolitik -- III. Die Abgrenzung von Wirtschafts- und Währungspolitik -- IV. Die Wirtschaftspolitik -- C. Das Eurosystem als Zentralbanksystem des Euro-Währungsgebiets

Main description: Das Lehrbuch beschäftigt sich mit Fragen der Geldtheorie und Geldpolitik. In den Fokus der Darstellungen rückt dabei immer wieder die geschichtliche Aufarbeitung einer Reihe von Geldtheorien und deren Beurteilung hinsichtlich der empirischen Robustheit. Dies geschieht in Form von empirischen Hinweisen zum Euro-Währungsgebiet für die Zeit von 1999 bis 2005. Bei der Geldpolitik gelangen die theoretischen Grundlagen und die geldpolitischen Operationen der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB) zur Darstellung.