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Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP) is one of the conservation area in Indonesia that has an original ecosystem that includes the flora and the fauna. Within the national park, lies the elusive wildlife that protected by the government, Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus). Javan rhinoceros is one of the rarest mammals with the estimated 67 individuals remained [1]. Geographically, UKNP is surrounded by 19 buffer villages. The buffer villages' location is directly adjacent to the UKNP and the community's livelihood pattern depended on the UKNP as it has become the free-range location of their water buffalo. Thus, it adds up the occurrence of the cross infection risk factor between the water buffalo and other ungulate sympatric animals in the UKNP (Javan rhinoceros and banteng). Surveillance study in 2014 with the collaboration of WWF Ujung Kulon, Livestock Agency of Pandeglang Sub District, and Cornell University to the community's livestock in the buffer area of Rancapinang Village showed a significant prevalence of trypanosomiasis by 92% [2]. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed the Javan rhinoceros as the critically endangered (CE) or vulnerable to the extinction threats. One of the extinction threats is the disease outbreak, since until now the occurrence of the disease is assumed to be the causative factors of several Javan rhino's death incidence. In 1982, 5 individuals of Javan rhino has been documented died suddenly and assumed to be caused by the infectious diseases (Hemorrhagic septicemia and anthrax) [3] and 14 Javan rhino's deaths in UKNP from 2000-2018, mostly the cause of the death is unknown.

It would appear that buffaloes wallow for two reasons: (1) when there is water about, all buffaloes
wallow at some time between 1000 and 1500 h; (2) when insect attack is severe, buffaloes will wallow
at any time, even at night. The location of the animal, whether in a wallow or in shade, does not
have any significant effect on the internal (rectal) temperature of the animal. In the present study,
the buffaloes' preference for wallows indicates that shade may not be as good as a wallow in lowering
body temperatures on hotter days.

Buffalo diversion gets passing grade RICHARD HELM . ' A ^ ' Journal Staff Writer i f< 5 c Edmonton A $ 15- million plan to pump riv­er- water into Buffalo Lake will have little impact on its water-quality or aquatic life, a report concludes. That finding in a draft summary of a government- comissioned re­port contradicts three earlier stud­ies that warned the diversion of water from the Red Deer River could choke the lake with algae growth. " The use of Red Deer River wa­ter to stabilize lake levels would have little impact on the water quality of Buffalo Lake," says the report by Environmental Manage­ment Associates of Calgary. The report also concludes the water diversion will cause a slight improvement to the area's fisher­ies habitat and boost the lake's population of northern pike and muskrat. New Democrat Environment critic John Mclnnis said Wednes­day there may be merit to the re­port's passing grade for the lake's water quality but he still questions the need for the project " It's contrary to the general pol­icy of Alberta Environment which these days is to try and leave these prairie lakes well enough alone," Mclnnis said. He said he still suspects Alberta Environment was ordered by the area's MLA, Premier Don Getty, to take the project " off the back shelf where it's been for several years. The lake is located 19 km northwest of Stettler and provides part of the panoramic view from Getty's new country home. Both Getty and Environment Minister Ralph Klein have dismiss­ed the suggestion. But Liberal environment critic Grant Mitchell remains skeptical. " The question remains, why are we doing it?" Mitchell said Wednesday.

Buffalo diversion gets passing grade RICHARD HELM . ' A ^ ' Journal Staff Writer i f< 5 c Edmonton A $ 15- million plan to pump riv­er- water into Buffalo Lake will have little impact on its water-quality or aquatic life, a report concludes. That finding in a draft summary of a government- comissioned re­port contradicts three earlier stud­ies that warned the diversion of water from the Red Deer River could choke the lake with algae growth. " The use of Red Deer River wa­ter to stabilize lake levels would have little impact on the water quality of Buffalo Lake," says the report by Environmental Manage­ment Associates of Calgary. The report also concludes the water diversion will cause a slight improvement to the area's fisher­ies habitat and boost the lake's population of northern pike and muskrat. New Democrat Environment critic John Mclnnis said Wednes­day there may be merit to the re­port's passing grade for the lake's water quality but he still questions the need for the project " It's contrary to the general pol­icy of Alberta Environment which these days is to try and leave these prairie lakes well enough alone," Mclnnis said. He said he still suspects Alberta Environment was ordered by the area's MLA, Premier Don Getty, to take the project " off the back shelf where it's been for several years. The lake is located 19 km northwest of Stettler and provides part of the panoramic view from Getty's new country home. Both Getty and Environment Minister Ralph Klein have dismiss­ed the suggestion. But Liberal environment critic Grant Mitchell remains skeptical. " The question remains, why are we doing it?" Mitchell said Wednesday.

Buffalo Lake project raises concern The Canadian Press Red Deer Communities that could be helped by a plan to divert water into Buffalo Lake have welcomed Alberta government plans to res­urrect the project, shelved in 1984. But a retired botany professor has voiced concerns over a recent Alberta Environment report which says the proposed $ 15- million scheme to divert water from a riv­er will not cause a serious algae problem at the shallow lake, 19 ki­lometres northwest of Stettler. Charles Bird said he can under­stand the desire of residents to raise the level of Buffalo Lake. Proponents of the plan say it will boost tourism in the area. " But studying this report leads me to the conclusion that quite a bit of additfdnal ecological work needs to be done before a firm commitment is given to go ahead with the project," Bird said. Five years ago the province mothballed the proposal aftef studies determined algae would bloom on the lake to unacceptable levels if river and lake water were mixed. Alberta Environment now feels the river will not pump as much algae- producing phosphorus into the lake as predicted in three earlier studies. It intends to begin an environ­mental impact assesement early next year. 2

Buffalo Lake project raises concern The Canadian Press Red Deer Communities that could be helped by a plan to divert water into Buffalo Lake have welcomed Alberta government plans to res­urrect the project, shelved in 1984. But a retired botany professor has voiced concerns over a recent Alberta Environment report which says the proposed $ 15- million scheme to divert water from a riv­er will not cause a serious algae problem at the shallow lake, 19 ki­lometres northwest of Stettler. Charles Bird said he can under­stand the desire of residents to raise the level of Buffalo Lake. Proponents of the plan say it will boost tourism in the area. " But studying this report leads me to the conclusion that quite a bit of additfdnal ecological work needs to be done before a firm commitment is given to go ahead with the project," Bird said. Five years ago the province mothballed the proposal aftef studies determined algae would bloom on the lake to unacceptable levels if river and lake water were mixed. Alberta Environment now feels the river will not pump as much algae- producing phosphorus into the lake as predicted in three earlier studies. It intends to begin an environ­mental impact assesement early next year. 2

Buffalo Lake stabilization project approved • Defiant environmentalists may challenge decision in By ANDREA M A Y N A R D ^ * } of The Advocate Defiant environmentalists may try to block the province's plan to raise the level of Buffalo Lake after the project re­ceived necessary approvals. Alberta Environment announced Friday that the $ l.'!- million project has been granted long- awaited approvals from federal and provincial govern­ments. " There is very strong local support for the project. It has recreational and eco­nomic benefits," said Alberta Environ­ment spokesman Donna Babchishin. The water stabilization plan will raise the level of Buffalo Lake, near Premier Don Getty's Stettler- area home, about half a metre to enhance its recreation potential. Work will begin in September after the project received an interim licence under Alberta's Water Resources Act about two weeks ago. A permanent li­cence will follow. The province granted the crucial li­cense when the federal government gave permission under the Fisheries Act, said Ms. Babchishin. A federal fisheries and oceans official said his department, which has been screening the project for a year, decided this summer a full environmental assess­ment was not necessary. But Burton Ayles, regional director, said he couldn't go into details. In another ruling that cleared the way for the plan, the federal transportion de­partment has allowed the project to pro­ceed without a permit under the Naviga­ble Waters Protection Act. Well- known environmentalist Martha Kostuch said an environmental assess­ment may have been required under law. The Rocky Mountain House veterinar­ian plans to seek legal advice on chal­lenging the decision in court. " It ( the approval) certainly indicates how low government departments will fall to pay off the constituents of Pre­mier Don Getty's riding." Environmentalists say the project is a waste of money and could destroy habitat for animals like the endangered piping plover. Michael McNaughton, head of the Red Deer River Naturalists, said his group would support court action to block the project. " I think approving the project was a political decision. The feds don't want to rock the boat. It's Premier Getty's riding and the project is nearly finished." Work to raise Buffalo Lake is part of a water management project that began in 1985. The final step is to raise the lake's level for recreational uses. As well, water for such uses as irrigation will be avail­able from Alix Lake. Water will be pumped from the Red Deer River through a channel to Alix Lake and into Parlby Creek before enter­ing Buffalo Lake. Supporters lauded the government. They believe the project will boost tour­ism and help struggling farm communi­ties. Ray Kerber, regional administrator with Alberta Environment, said the gov­ernment has already received tenders for construction of a pumphouse near the Red Deer River. Work should take about three years.

Buffalo Lake stabilization project approved • Defiant environmentalists may challenge decision in By ANDREA M A Y N A R D ^ * } of The Advocate Defiant environmentalists may try to block the province's plan to raise the level of Buffalo Lake after the project re­ceived necessary approvals. Alberta Environment announced Friday that the $ l.'!- million project has been granted long- awaited approvals from federal and provincial govern­ments. " There is very strong local support for the project. It has recreational and eco­nomic benefits," said Alberta Environ­ment spokesman Donna Babchishin. The water stabilization plan will raise the level of Buffalo Lake, near Premier Don Getty's Stettler- area home, about half a metre to enhance its recreation potential. Work will begin in September after the project received an interim licence under Alberta's Water Resources Act about two weeks ago. A permanent li­cence will follow. The province granted the crucial li­cense when the federal government gave permission under the Fisheries Act, said Ms. Babchishin. A federal fisheries and oceans official said his department, which has been screening the project for a year, decided this summer a full environmental assess­ment was not necessary. But Burton Ayles, regional director, said he couldn't go into details. In another ruling that cleared the way for the plan, the federal transportion de­partment has allowed the project to pro­ceed without a permit under the Naviga­ble Waters Protection Act. Well- known environmentalist Martha Kostuch said an environmental assess­ment may have been required under law. The Rocky Mountain House veterinar­ian plans to seek legal advice on chal­lenging the decision in court. " It ( the approval) certainly indicates how low government departments will fall to pay off the constituents of Pre­mier Don Getty's riding." Environmentalists say the project is a waste of money and could destroy habitat for animals like the endangered piping plover. Michael McNaughton, head of the Red Deer River Naturalists, said his group would support court action to block the project. " I think approving the project was a political decision. The feds don't want to rock the boat. It's Premier Getty's riding and the project is nearly finished." Work to raise Buffalo Lake is part of a water management project that began in 1985. The final step is to raise the lake's level for recreational uses. As well, water for such uses as irrigation will be avail­able from Alix Lake. Water will be pumped from the Red Deer River through a channel to Alix Lake and into Parlby Creek before enter­ing Buffalo Lake. Supporters lauded the government. They believe the project will boost tour­ism and help struggling farm communi­ties. Ray Kerber, regional administrator with Alberta Environment, said the gov­ernment has already received tenders for construction of a pumphouse near the Red Deer River. Work should take about three years.

B L o c a l / B2 Classifleds/ B3- BS • • Red Deer Advocate • Local RED DEER ADVOCATE, Saturday, July 6, 1991 Bl City editor: Carolyn Martlndale Assistant city editor: Mary- Ann Barr, 343- 2400 Cabinet OK's Buffalo Lake stabilization By JIM LOZERON of The Advocate STETTLER — A controversial plan to raise the level of nearby Buffalo Lake has been approved by the provincial cabinet. The $ 13.1- million water project in Premier Don Getty's Stettler riding had been considered for at least 20 years before getting the official go-ahead. Environment Minister Ralph Klein said Friday construction and engineer­ing work will begin some time this year on the scheme to divert water from the Red Deer River through Parlby Creek to Buffalo Lake. The project is designed to improve water supplies in Mirror and Alix, in­crease recreational benefits of Buffalo Lake and boost area agriculture. The on- again, off- again project, re­jected several times as too costly and environmentally damaging, is still un­dergoing a federal environmental as­sessment. But Jeff Stein, head of the resource impact section of the Fisheries and Oceans Department, said the review by three federal agencies won't likely af­fect the Getty government's decision to stabilize the lake. " It is no different than the Oldman River dam," Mr. Stein said in an inter­view from Winnipeg. " The fact that we had to conduct a review of the dam did­n't stop construction." By law, all projects which could potentially affect fish habitat must be screened by the federal government. Mr. Stein said the federal report as­sessing the effect of the project on water quality, waterfowl and the fish habitat should be released in two weeks. In approving the scheme, the cabinet agreed with the findings of a public re­view panel headed by former Lacombe mayor Don Thorne. The panel said the project will im prove drinking water in nearby vil­lages, but will have a minor negative effect on waterfowl and birds. Mr. Klein announced the cabinet decision in a prepared statement. He was attending he Calgary Stampede and was unavailable for further com­ment. Opposition politicians, noting that Premier Getty's home is located on the south shore of the lake, said the deci­sion smacks of pork- barrel politicking. But in the Buffalo Lake area, sup­porters of the project welcomed the news that the plan, shelved in 1984, was going ahead. " I believe in the future people will be thankful that the province has acted to save the lake and the resource will be available for future generations," resort owner Jean MacDonald said. New Democratic critic John Mclnnis recalled that the project was revived just weeks after Mr. Getty won the 1989 Stettler byelection. " I think it is a phenomenal abuse of the premier's power," he said. Grant Mitchell, Liberal environmen­tal critic, called the decision base poli­tics and said he is not convinced the project won't kill fish in the lake. " Premier Getty is using taxpayers' money as if it were his own," he said.

B L o c a l / B2 Classifleds/ B3- BS • • Red Deer Advocate • Local RED DEER ADVOCATE, Saturday, July 6, 1991 Bl City editor: Carolyn Martlndale Assistant city editor: Mary- Ann Barr, 343- 2400 Cabinet OK's Buffalo Lake stabilization By JIM LOZERON of The Advocate STETTLER — A controversial plan to raise the level of nearby Buffalo Lake has been approved by the provincial cabinet. The $ 13.1- million water project in Premier Don Getty's Stettler riding had been considered for at least 20 years before getting the official go-ahead. Environment Minister Ralph Klein said Friday construction and engineer­ing work will begin some time this year on the scheme to divert water from the Red Deer River through Parlby Creek to Buffalo Lake. The project is designed to improve water supplies in Mirror and Alix, in­crease recreational benefits of Buffalo Lake and boost area agriculture. The on- again, off- again project, re­jected several times as too costly and environmentally damaging, is still un­dergoing a federal environmental as­sessment. But Jeff Stein, head of the resource impact section of the Fisheries and Oceans Department, said the review by three federal agencies won't likely af­fect the Getty government's decision to stabilize the lake. " It is no different than the Oldman River dam," Mr. Stein said in an inter­view from Winnipeg. " The fact that we had to conduct a review of the dam did­n't stop construction." By law, all projects which could potentially affect fish habitat must be screened by the federal government. Mr. Stein said the federal report as­sessing the effect of the project on water quality, waterfowl and the fish habitat should be released in two weeks. In approving the scheme, the cabinet agreed with the findings of a public re­view panel headed by former Lacombe mayor Don Thorne. The panel said the project will im prove drinking water in nearby vil­lages, but will have a minor negative effect on waterfowl and birds. Mr. Klein announced the cabinet decision in a prepared statement. He was attending he Calgary Stampede and was unavailable for further com­ment. Opposition politicians, noting that Premier Getty's home is located on the south shore of the lake, said the deci­sion smacks of pork- barrel politicking. But in the Buffalo Lake area, sup­porters of the project welcomed the news that the plan, shelved in 1984, was going ahead. " I believe in the future people will be thankful that the province has acted to save the lake and the resource will be available for future generations," resort owner Jean MacDonald said. New Democratic critic John Mclnnis recalled that the project was revived just weeks after Mr. Getty won the 1989 Stettler byelection. " I think it is a phenomenal abuse of the premier's power," he said. Grant Mitchell, Liberal environmen­tal critic, called the decision base poli­tics and said he is not convinced the project won't kill fish in the lake. " Premier Getty is using taxpayers' money as if it were his own," he said.