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Minister says review must identify what youth services young people want and ensure equality of access

Liverpool is latest area to create a youth combined authority as early adopter sites report positive changes

Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Chapter 1 Introduction: Youth in Transition; Chapter 2 Surrogate Employment, Surrogate Labour Markets and the Development of Training Policies in the Eighties; Chapter 3 From New Vocationalism to the Culture of Enterprise; Chapter 4 The Transition from YTS to Work: Content, Context and the External Labour Market; Chapter 5 Trainers and Tutors in the YTS Environment; Chapter 6 Interpreting Vocationalism: Youth Training and Managerial Practices.

Youth policy is an important area of the EU social policy. The national specificity of the EU member states allows different models for the implementation of youth policy, corresponding to their history and political culture. The study aims to explore a transition from the universalist model of implementing the Romanian youth policy of the socialist period to a centralised (or Mediterranean) one in which traditional social institutions play a pivotal role, such as family and the Church. The study applies the content analysis and the systemic method. Romania's accession to the EU made the government pay more attention to the youth. The funds for the youth policy were allocated from European integration funds. The government's strategy was to develop education and additional educational services and help children and the youth without parental care and large families. However, the quality of education deteriorated, aid did not reach its recipients, and tactically strategic goals were not achieved. The state youth policy turned out to be ineffective. The Romanian Orthodox Church (RuOC) became involved in solving issues of supporting children and the youth. Together with municipalities, sponsors, foreign philanthropists, the RuOC opens a network of social centers for children of permanent residence, day care, socio-cultural (educational, leisure, sports). The RuOC conducts actions in support of the development of secondary education to prevent dropouts from school, provide clothing and school supplies, study native history, etc. In general, the participation of the RuOC in solving youth problems convincingly indicates that a centralised model for the implementation of youth policy has been formed in Romania.

The article analyses the main causes and factors of the militant extremist ideas spread among the youth. The author proposes measures necessary to counteract it and makes comments on the Russian state youth policy which is aimed at involving young people in social practice and informing them of the potential for their development, encouraging creative youth activity, reintegrating young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into society. The article traces the main causes and factors of the spread of militant extremism ideas among the youth. Proposals are formulated on the measures necessary to counteract it, comments are made on the content of the Russian state youth policy aimed at involving young people in social practice and informing them of the potential for their development, the encouragement of creative youth activity, the reintegration of young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into society

This article aims to focus on the current challenges of the European Youth policy, relying on data from the two most recent European Youth Strategies: The European Union Youth Strategy 2019-2027 and the Council of Europe Youth Sector Strategy 2030. Both strategies, which build on earlier initiatives and are intended to serve different priorities and purposes, emphasize the needs and issues facing young people. The article focuses on whether these policiesare efficient enough to support young people to achieve their rights. Considering the youth's current challenges, the analysis reveals what can be done and who can help achieve a coherent framework which can be integrated with national policies? Furthermore, it is important toacknowledge the significant repercussions of the COVID-19 crisis, which has affected every sector of a society, including the young generation sector, especially in the following areas: technological, social, civic, political, and personal. For a multitude of reasons, it is time for the EuropeanUnion to raise awareness about the implications of the pandemic, to review the priorities for the future, and to focus on the new challenges that arise, based on the developments over the last 24 months. The European Union must focus on implementing the bottom-up approach and participatory vision when it comes to addressing the needs and issues of youth and their situation in the future of Europe. It is crucial for the sustainable development of the European Union that youthreceive long-term solutions and comprehensive strategies, where young people are the main subjectof European policies and an active part of the decision-making processes, at all levels.

Social programs, including interventions helping disadvantaged youth, offer implicit models regarding what behavioral changes will cause various social and economic outcomes. Responding, in part, to the work of evaluators, federal and state youth policies advance different intervention models. This article reviews five causal metaphors running throughout youth employment and education programs: (1) The functionalist economic model, arguing that increased skills will improve youth employment; (2) the institutional socialization model, suggesting that earlier entrance to the "adult work world" will ease youth "transition"; (3) a psychosocial view of youth development, emphasizing the individual's sense of social efficacy in learning and work situations; (4) the subcultural model, pointing to the importance of local opportunity structures and social norms functional within specific subcultural conditions; and (5) a self-determined community development vision, urging local economic growth in disadvantaged areas. Evaluation evidence, increasingly abundant, should begin to look across these models to improve program strategies. A review of such research for youth employment efforts is included. When feasible, evaluation sponsors and evaluators should explicitly articulate programs' causal models to nurture broader theoretical understandings and minimize being overly confined within the immediate program model one is evaluating.

This article is an effort to reflect the role of media required to be played in the proper implementation of national youth policy in Pakistan. During a time of emergent numbers of problems and inadequate resources, Pakistan consider that the essence of promising future is to prepare youth to take on responsibilities and be socially, economically and politically empowered. But of course, for this huge mission a detail strategic plan and proper implementation is required that links framework and action plans for all youth and relevant stakeholders. While there are many other stakeholders connected with national youth policy, media is one stakeholder in this article, drawing our most attention. As the world is now moving towards globalization, we have witnessed the era of emerging trends. For example today the focus is more on knowledge based economies and social and economic networking, technology has been changed and is growing with the fast pace. This resulted in some different eco and social challenges. All around the globe, youth is actively involved in policy making because they know the growing challenges and changing environment better than the other age related segments. Considering the above point in mind, the author feels if the potential of youth is properly harnessed like in other countries, then this can bring a socio-economic revolution in Pakistan. On the contrary, if youth issues and ideas are not taken into consideration while policy making, this may result into one of the biggest challenge for the management in Pakistan in future. The young minds are needed to be shaped in a manner that they can live a better life with promising future and can benefit the whole society. With the ever changing circumstances, the growth and change in economy is constant. The rules and regulations regarding youth policies are needed to be implemented at national as well as provincial level, otherwise the nation has to face the serious outcomes in longer run. The increasing joblessness, among educated and uneducated youth will have negative impact on both economic and social life at individual and national level. The competition in economy is growing tough, far more educated youth now takes job for which they are overqualified. On the other hand, uneducated people can't seem to move up in the lifestyle ladder. This causes social disintegration, which results in poverty aggravation. This requires all related stakeholders to be responsible in implementation of youth policy across the nation.