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The article presents an analysis of the Orange Revolution and its influence on the political system of Ukraine. Generally, the events of 2004 are perceived as a democratic breakthrough in the modern political history of this country. In reality it turned out to be a revolution only by name. Behind a democratic façade the socalled revolution turned into an act of disobedience of disappointed clannish and oligarchic structures to the former president, Leonid Kuchma. The international observers had an impression, that Ukrainian events were a continuation of the democratization processes started by the fall of the Soviet Union. The article seeks answers to the questions concerning the true nature of the events of 2004 in Kiev, how were they influenced by the post-soviet experiences of the Ukrainian state and society, and finally was the Orange Revolution truly a step toward democratization of the post-soviet space?

Pokojowe obalenie w 2011 r. wieloletniego dyktatora Tunezji Zine el-Abidine Ben Alego (określane mianem rewolucji jaśminowej) stało się inspiracją dla Arabskiej Wiosny. Od tego czasu Tunezja wprowadziła daleko idące demokratyczne reformy, co na Zachodzie spotkało się z postrzeganiem jej jako jednego z nielicznych państw Bliskiego W schodu i Maghrebu, w którym A rabska W iosna odniosła sukces. C elem artykułu jest analiza ewolucji uwarunkowań politycznych, jakie dokonały się po rewolucji jaśminowej przez pryzmat ustanowienia nowej Konstytucji Republiki Tunezji z 2014 r. oraz wdrażania jej zasad u progu 2020 r. P unktem wyjścia tak określonego celu badań obok zagadnień systemowych jest uchwycenie zmian, jakie dokonały się w Republice Tunezji, przy uwzględnieniu uwarunkowań gospodarczych i społecznych oraz ich ocena. W tym kontekście metodologicznym nowa konstytucja będąca ucieleśnieniem oczekiwań społeczeństwa tunezyjskiego po 2011 r. wzmacnia i wyznacza nowe ramy dla procesu demokratycznego swojego państwa. Dla weryfikacji hipotezy badawczej wykorzystano następujące metody i techniki badawcze: analiza czynnikowa – w kontekście badania uwarunkowań politycznych, gospodarczych i społecznych; analiza zawartości dokumentów – w kontekście analizy treści nowej Konstytucji Republiki Tunezji; technika statystyczna – pomocna przy określeniu rzeczywistego procesu transformacji Tunezji w kierunku pełnej demokracji.

POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND OR ONE OF A KIND CASE
Switzerland has a unique political system, because of its institutional curiosities and unique democratic procedures. It seems that everyone should be surprised by the same state construction that dialectically combines confederation with federation. The Swiss political system represents a rare model of assembly government, known also as parliamentary-committee system. Its main trait is the lack of power division as a foundation of democratic order. Bicameral parliament – the Federal Assembly, composed of the National Council as representation of people and the Council of States representing the cantons acts as supreme authority and appoints all remaining federal institutions. The mode of election of the National Council is based on strict proportional representation without electoral thresholds and with maximal openness of the whole electoral process. The Federal Council that is popularly considered as government is executive institution and always has seven members. The Swiss governments acts as a collective body without prime minister. One of the members of the Federal Council serves as president. He has only formal procedural duties and has no political prerogatives. And, what is important, contrary to the name of his office, the president is not head of federation, because this role falls to the entire Federal Council. Four strongest political parties of country are represented in the government, and in a result of this, the permanent cooperation of the Swiss system makes a unique consensus democracy.

The following article has a nature of a scientific essay and concerns the issues of "American exceptionalism" phenomenon still present in public debates. In spite of the fact that it has been permanently present in the US politics for many years and has its own premises resulting from the fist independence declarations and Constitution, it has the ups and downs.The fundamental aim of that essay is to answer the question – to what extent exceptionalism and American uniqueness connected with it is important in politics of that country and world politics. Do the phenomenon of terrorism and the attitude of the USA to human rights go hand in hand with the idea of issues raised in that text?The source basis for writing that article were the most important titles concerning the examined item and general conclusions of the Author after studying them.

The following article has a nature of a scientific essay and concerns the issues of "American exceptionalism" phenomenon still present in public debates. In spite of the fact that it has been permanently present in the US politics for many years and has its own premises resulting from the fist independence declarations and Constitution, it has the ups and downs.The fundamental aim of that essay is to answer the question – to what extent exceptionalism and American uniqueness connected with it is important in politics of that country and world politics. Do the phenomenon of terrorism and the attitude of the USA to human rights go hand in hand with the idea of issues raised in that text?The source basis for writing that article were the most important titles concerning the examined item and general conclusions of the Author after studying them.

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie sylwetki ubiegającego się o nominację w wyborach prezydenckich z ramienia Partii Demokratycznej polityka – Berniego Sandersa. Sanders samookreśla się jako demokratyczny socjalista, jego wzorem jest Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Polityk ten jest związany z ruchem alterglobalistycznym, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ruchu Occupy Wall Street. Sanders uczynił wiele dla propagowania w Ameryce idei socjaldemokratycznych.