Suchergebnisse

In increasingly diverse societies, discrimination against social groups and their members continues to be a public and political concern. Research has addressed three basic cognitive processes that precede discrimination: categorization, stereotype/prejudice activation, and stereotype/prejudice application, suggesting that these processes occur in an automatic fashion. However, there are multiple components of automaticity, including unawareness, efficiency, unintentionality, and uncontrollability. Most of the previous research implies that these components of automaticity converge with respect to cognitive antecedents of discrimination. Here, we review evidence on the distinct components of automaticity in order to assess whether (a) categorization, (b) stereotype/prejudice activation, and (c) stereotype/prejudice application occur (1) without awareness, (2) efficiently, and (3) goal-independently. We highlight evidence indicating convergence or divergence of the automaticity components during each of the processing stages. This analysis provides readers with an up-to-date review that helps to evaluate whether a multi-component approach to automaticity is of additional benefit in aggregating knowledge about the cognitive antecedents of discrimination. We discuss open issues and avenues for future research.

El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es observar si, en la actualidad, en España, los antecedentes penales constituyen un problema en el mercado laboral. Se desarrollan cuatro líneas de investigación: un análisis de la legislación vigente sobre la petición de los certificados de antecedentes penales, un análisis descriptivo de tres fuentes de datos sobre la petición de estos certificados en la práctica, una investigación cualitativa con personas condenadas y una investigación experimental para observar el comportamiento de los responsables de selección de personal. Este trabajo muestra que en España existen una serie leyes que merman las oportunidades laborales de este colectivo. También se expone que, en algunos casos, los empleadores tratan desfavorablemente a las personas cuando observan una señal del paso por el sistema penal. Finalmente se expone que, en ocasiones, las personas con este estigma se autoexcluyen para evitar este potencial rechazo. ; The main goal of this PhD dissertation is to analyse the effects of criminal records in the labour market in Spain at the present. With this aim, four lines of research are developed: a study of the current legislation on criminal records certificates, a descriptive analysis using three data sources to observe the magnitude of the petition of these certificates and for which jobs criminal records are asked for, a qualitative research with people with a previous conviction and an experimental research directed to study the behaviour of employers. This work shows that in Spain there are certain laws that restrict the labour market opportunities of people with criminal records. Also, in some cases, employers discriminate against candidates when they detect a mark of a criminal record. Finally, in particular contexts, people with this stigma self-exclude from jobs when they expect that they will be rejected.

Abstract. In increasingly diverse societies, discrimination against social groups and their members continues to be a public and political concern. Research has addressed three basic cognitive processes that precede discrimination: categorization, stereotype/prejudice activation, and stereotype/prejudice application, suggesting that these processes occur in an automatic fashion. However, there are multiple components of automaticity, including unawareness, efficiency, unintentionality, and uncontrollability. Most of the previous research implies that these components of automaticity converge with respect to cognitive antecedents of discrimination. Here, we review evidence on the distinct components of automaticity in order to assess whether (a) categorization, (b) stereotype/prejudice activation, and (c) stereotype/prejudice application occur (1) without awareness, (2) efficiently, and (3) goal-independently. We highlight evidence indicating convergence or divergence of the automaticity components during each of the processing stages. This analysis provides readers with an up-to-date review that helps to evaluate whether a multi-component approach to automaticity is of additional benefit in aggregating knowledge about the cognitive antecedents of discrimination. We discuss open issues and avenues for future research.

La evolución de la Constitución canadiense refleja el desarrollo de la historia de Canadá en sí misma. A través del estudio de los antecedentes históricos constitucionales se percibe los esfuerzos realizados por un pueblo, con diversos sistemas legales y culturas, para establecer la forma de operación de gobierno y de instituciones a regir en Canadá. El actual sistema legal canadiense tiene su origen principalmente en el sistema inglés, traído a América del Norte por el Imperio británico, y en menor proporción en el sistema francés, traído por los colonizadores franceses. Hay que destacar en la evolución constitucional el sistema desarrollado por los primeros aborígenes canadienses y la protección que el sistema constitucional le ha reconocido a la cultura, derechos y tratados de esta minoría. Salvo Quebec, donde el derecho civil está fundado en el Código napoleónico adoptado en Francia, el derecho penal y el derecho civil en vigor en Canadá se derivan de las leyes y el derecho consuetudinario inglés. Abstract The evolution of Canada Constitution shows the development of Canada's history itself. Through the study of the constitutional historical antecedents one can see the efforts undertaken by its people, with different legal systems and cultures, to establish the governmental and institutional procedure forms ruling Canada. The actual legal system has its origin mostly in the English system. Which was brought to North America by the British Empire and in less proportion in the French system brought by French colonizers. One can also stress the constitutional evolution of the system developed by early Canadian natives and the protection the present constitutional system has recognized for their culture, rights and treaties subscribed with them. With the exception of Quebec, whose civil law is grounded on the Napoleon Code adopted in France, penal law and civil law in force in Canada are derived from the English law and consuetudinary right.