Suchergebnisse

This article presents the perspective of a long-time dealer in ancient art and antiquities on the many attacks on the antiquities trade. After a brief historical review of collecting and the different national approaches to control of export of archaeological materials, the author presents an analysis of why the more draconian of the legal systems defeat their intended purposes and are themselves unethical in that they promote the destruction of archaeological sites and the black market in antiquities.

Journals magazines and newspapers were the most important media between 1962 and 1974. Media can give us about political, economic and social condition the time under survey. For social point of view the preservation of Cultural Heritage is also important for the country. For Preservation of Revolutionary Council government passed Antiquities Preservation Act of 1962. By this law, rules and regulations on preservation of antiquities, prohibition of ancient artefacts to abroad, forbidding and controlling the excavation of ancient sites, specifying of ancient building which were preserved by the government and punishments were defined. Moreover, the Revolutionary Council Government had done the measures for the excavation of ancient sites, renovation of ancient buildings, recording researching and maintaining of ancient inscriptions, deciphering, recording and researching ink painting and mural painting in historical sites. In the period under surveying, the State and Archaeological Department made great efforts to get antiquities from abroad.

Conflicted Antiquities is a rich cultural history of European and Egyptian interest in ancient Egypt and its material culture, from the early nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth. Consulting the relevant Arabic archives, Elliott Colla demonstrates that the emergence of Egyptology—the study of ancient Egypt and its material legacy—was as consequential for modern Egyptians as it was for Europeans. The values and practices introduced by the new science of archaeology played a key role in the formation of a new colonial regime in Egypt. This fact was not lost on Egyptian nationalists, who challenged colonial archaeologists with the claim that they were the direct heirs of the Pharaohs, and therefore the rightful owners and administrators of ancient Egypt's historical sites and artifacts. As this dispute developed, nationalists invented the political and expressive culture of "Pharaonism"—Egypt's response to Europe's Egyptomania. In the process, a significant body of modern, Pharaonist poetry, sculpture, architecture, and film was created by artists and authors who looked to the ancient past for inspiration. Colla draws on medieval and modern Arabic poetry, novels, and travel accounts; British and French travel writing; the history of archaeology; and the history of European and Egyptian museums and exhibits. The struggle over the ownership of Pharaonic Egypt did not simply pit Egyptian nationalists against European colonial administrators. Egyptian elites found arguments about the appreciation and preservation of ancient objects useful for exerting new forms of control over rural populations and for mobilizing new political parties. Finally, just as the political and expressive culture of Pharaonism proved critical to the formation of new concepts of nationalist identity, it also fueled Islamist opposition to the Egyptian state.

COVER -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- PREFACE. -- BOOK I. -- CHAPTER 1. -- CHAPTER 2. -- CHAPTER 3. -- CHAPTER 4. -- CHAPTER 5. -- CHAPTER 6. -- CHAPTER 7. -- CHAPTER 8. -- CHAPTER 9. -- CHAPTER 10. -- CHAPTER 11. -- CHAPTER 12. -- CHAPTER 13. -- CHAPTER 14. -- CHAPTER 15. -- CHAPTER 16. -- CHAPTER 17. -- CHAPTER 18. -- CHAPTER 19. -- CHAPTER 20. -- CHAPTER 21. -- CHAPTER 22. -- BOOK II. -- CHAPTER 1. -- CHAPTER 2. -- CHAPTER 3. -- CHAPTER 4. -- CHAPTER 5. -- CHAPTER 6. -- CHAPTER 7. -- CHAPTER 8. -- CHAPTER 9. -- CHAPTER 10. -- CHAPTER 11. -- CHAPTER 12. -- CHAPTER 13. -- CHAPTER 14. -- CHAPTER 15. -- CHAPTER 16. -- BOOK III. -- CHAPTER 1. -- CHAPTER 2. -- CHAPTER 3. -- CHAPTER 4. -- CHAPTER 5. -- CHAPTER 6. -- CHAPTER 7. -- CHAPTER 8. -- CHAPTER 9. -- CHAPTER 10. -- CHAPTER 11. -- CHAPTER 12. -- CHAPTER 13. -- CHAPTER 14. -- CHAPTER 15. -- BOOK IV. -- CHAPTER 1. -- CHAPTER 2. -- CHAPTER 3. -- CHAPTER 4. -- CHAPTER 5. -- CHAPTER 6. -- CHAPTER 7. -- CHAPTER 8. -- BOOK V. -- CHAPTER 1. -- CHAPTER 2. -- CHAPTER 3. -- CHAPTER 4. -- CHAPTER 5. -- CHAPTER 6. -- CHAPTER 8. -- CHAPTER 8. -- CHAPTER 9. -- CHAPTER 10. -- CHAPTER 11. -- BOOK VI. -- CHAPTER 1. -- CHAPTER 2. -- CHAPTER 3. -- CHAPTER 4. -- CHAPTER 5. -- CHAPTER 6. -- CHAPTER 7. -- CHAPTER 8. -- CHAPTER 9. -- CHAPTER 10. -- CHAPTER 11. -- CHAPTER 12. -- CHAPTER 13. -- CHAPTER 14. -- BOOK VII. -- CHAPTER 1. -- CHAPTER 2. -- CHAPTER 3. -- CHAPTER 4. -- CHAPTER 5. -- CHAPTER 6. -- CHAPTER 7. -- CHAPTER 8. -- CHAPTER 9. -- CHAPTER 10. -- CHAPTER 11. -- CHAPTER 12. -- CHAPTER 13. -- CHAPTER 14. -- CHAPTER 15. -- BOOK VIII. -- CHAPTER 1. -- CHAPTER 2. -- CHAPTER 3. -- CHAPTER 4. -- CHAPTER 5. -- CHAPTER 6. -- CHAPTER 7. -- CHAPTER 8. -- CHAPTER 9. -- CHAPTER 10. -- CHAPTER 11. -- CHAPTER 12. -- CHAPTER 13. -- CHAPTER 14. -- CHAPTER 15. -- BOOK IX. -- CHAPTER 1. -- CHAPTER 2.