The study is devoted to the investigation of the educational determinants as components in shaping the level of socio-economic development of countries around the world, including assessment of the impact of national higher education system development indicators on the determinants of economic development, in particular macroeconomic, innovation, and technology determinants.Based on the grouping of 50 countries, a matrix of relationships between the Universitas 21 index and global competitiveness index was constructed. It is determined that despite the close correlation between the indices as a whole (0.96), there is a certain differentiation of influence in groups. The high impact of education on global competitiveness (0.76) was found in the group of countries with a medium level of competitiveness, moderate impact (0.54) – in the group of highly competitive countries, weak impact (0.38) – in the group of countries with a low level of competitiveness. Based on the correlation-regression analysis, the study proposes a structural-logical graph of the relationship between educational and economic indicators and quantifies it accordingly. The results show that the level of higher education competitiveness is closely correlated with such indicators as the level of global innovation development (0.8 over the period 2012-2020), the level of the knowledge intensity of GDP (0.73), and the level of socio-economic development (0.75). The results will allow changes in education indicators to be taken into account in the context of their impact on economic development and global development strategies.
Abstract. Ukraine's desire to integrate into the international economic space poses significant obstacles to innovative enterprises due to the destabilizing impact of globalization. Among the most important are financial, economic and political instability, risks of insolvency and reduced financial stability, which leads to the inability to meet external and internal challenges and ensure the optimal level of economic security. Under such conditions, the need to effectively counteract the destabilizing factors and ensure high rates of efficiency and profitability, which can be achieved through innovation and improvement of financial relations. Innovative activity, despite its high cost and significant level of risk, is one of the priorities of the enterprise. The activities of innovative enterprises attract the attention of economic agents, so ensuring the proper level of their economic security is no less important. Given that there is still no single unified and legally established method of calculating the level of economic security of enterprises, it is important to find the most acceptable and rational methods of calculating the level of security of enterprises, as well as developing a legal mechanism for their consolidation, which is the focus of scientists and practitioners for a long time. However, the problem has not yet been resolved. The article examines the main approaches to assessing the level of economic security of innovative enterprises and identifies the importance of the factor of innovation and legal regulation of financial relations with other economic agents. The main indicators of economic security of the enterprise are systematized and their classification into macroeconomic, financial, foreign economic, investment, scientific and technological, as well as production is performed. The method of assessment the level of economic security of an innovative enterprise using the Solow model is substantiated and proposed. Keywords: innovations, Solow model, indicators of economic security of the enterprise, integrated indicator of the level of economic security of the enterprise. JEL Classification С13, С51, О47, О33 Formulas: 39; fig.: 1; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 11. ; Анотація. Прагнення України інтегруватися до міжнародного економічного простору ставлять перед інноваційними підприємствами значні перешкоди, пов'язані з дестабілізувальним впливом процесів глобалізації. Серед найвагоміших варто виокремити фінансово-економічну й політичну нестабільність, ризики неплатоспроможності й зниження фінансової стійкості, що призводить до неможливості протидіяти зовнішнім і внутрішнім викликам та забезпечити оптимальний рівень економічної безпеки. За таких умов загострюється необхідність ефективної протидії дестабілізувальним чинникам і забезпечення високих показників рентабельності та прибутковості, що можна досягнути завдяки інноваціям і вдосконаленню фінансових правовідносин. Інноваційна діяльність, незважаючи на її високу вартість і суттєвий рівень ризиковості, є одним із пріоритетних напрямів функціонування підприємства. Діяльність інноваційних підприємств привертає увагу економічних агентів, тому забезпечення належного рівня їхньої економічної безпеки є не менш важливим завданням. Зважаючи на те, що єдиної уніфікованої й законодавчо закріпленої методики розрахунку рівня економічної безпеки підприємств досі немає, то вагомого значення набуває пошук найбільш прийнятних і раціональних методів розрахунку рівня безпеки підприємств, а також розроблення правового механізму їх закріплення, що перебуває в центрі уваги науковців і практиків упродовж тривалого часу. Однак визначена проблема досі не розв'язана. Проведено дослідження основних підходів щодо оцінювання рівня економічної безпеки інноваційних підприємств і визначено важливість у них фактору інновацій і правового регулювання фінансових відносин з іншими економічними агентами. Систематизовано основні індикатори економічної безпеки підприємства і проведено їхню класифікація на макроекономічні, фінансові, зовнішньоекономічні, інвестиційні, науково-технологічні та виробничі. Обґрунтовано і запропоновано метод оцінювання рівня економічної безпеки інноваційного підприємства з використанням моделі Солоу. Ключові слова: інновації, модель Солоу, індикатори економічної безпеки підприємства, інтегральний показник рівня економічної безпеки підприємства. Формул: 39; рис.: 1; табл.: 0; бібл. 11.
Abstract. Ukraine's desire to integrate into the international economic space poses significant obstacles to innovative enterprises due to the destabilizing impact of globalization. Among the most important are financial, economic and political instability, risks of insolvency and reduced financial stability, which leads to the inability to meet external and internal challenges and ensure the optimal level of economic security. Under such conditions, the need to effectively counteract the destabilizing factors and ensure high rates of efficiency and profitability, which can be achieved through innovation and improvement of financial relations. Innovative activity, despite its high cost and significant level of risk, is one of the priorities of the enterprise. The activities of innovative enterprises attract the attention of economic agents, so ensuring the proper level of their economic security is no less important. Given that there is still no single unified and legally established method of calculating the level of economic security of enterprises, it is important to find the most acceptable and rational methods of calculating the level of security of enterprises, as well as developing a legal mechanism for their consolidation, which is the focus of scientists and practitioners for a long time. However, the problem has not yet been resolved. The article examines the main approaches to assessing the level of economic security of innovative enterprises and identifies the importance of the factor of innovation and legal regulation of financial relations with other economic agents. The main indicators of economic security of the enterprise are systematized and their classification into macroeconomic, financial, foreign economic, investment, scientific and technological, as well as production is performed. The method of assessment the level of economic security of an innovative enterprise using the Solow model is substantiated and proposed. Keywords: innovations, Solow model, indicators of economic security of the enterprise, integrated indicator of the level of economic security of the enterprise. JEL Classification С13, С51, О47, О33 Formulas: 39; fig.: 1; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 11. ; Анотація. Прагнення України інтегруватися до міжнародного економічного простору ставлять перед інноваційними підприємствами значні перешкоди, пов'язані з дестабілізувальним впливом процесів глобалізації. Серед найвагоміших варто виокремити фінансово-економічну й політичну нестабільність, ризики неплатоспроможності й зниження фінансової стійкості, що призводить до неможливості протидіяти зовнішнім і внутрішнім викликам та забезпечити оптимальний рівень економічної безпеки. За таких умов загострюється необхідність ефективної протидії дестабілізувальним чинникам і забезпечення високих показників рентабельності та прибутковості, що можна досягнути завдяки інноваціям і вдосконаленню фінансових правовідносин. Інноваційна діяльність, незважаючи на її високу вартість і суттєвий рівень ризиковості, є одним із пріоритетних напрямів функціонування підприємства. Діяльність інноваційних підприємств привертає увагу економічних агентів, тому забезпечення належного рівня їхньої економічної безпеки є не менш важливим завданням. Зважаючи на те, що єдиної уніфікованої й законодавчо закріпленої методики розрахунку рівня економічної безпеки підприємств досі немає, то вагомого значення набуває пошук найбільш прийнятних і раціональних методів розрахунку рівня безпеки підприємств, а також розроблення правового механізму їх закріплення, що перебуває в центрі уваги науковців і практиків упродовж тривалого часу. Однак визначена проблема досі не розв'язана. Проведено дослідження основних підходів щодо оцінювання рівня економічної безпеки інноваційних підприємств і визначено важливість у них фактору інновацій і правового регулювання фінансових відносин з іншими економічними агентами. Систематизовано основні індикатори економічної безпеки підприємства і проведено їхню класифікація на макроекономічні, фінансові, зовнішньоекономічні, інвестиційні, науково-технологічні та виробничі. Обґрунтовано і запропоновано метод оцінювання рівня економічної безпеки інноваційного підприємства з використанням моделі Солоу. Ключові слова: інновації, модель Солоу, індикатори економічної безпеки підприємства, інтегральний показник рівня економічної безпеки підприємства. Формул: 39; рис.: 1; табл.: 0; бібл. 11.
The article is focused on the problem of monitoring and evaluation of food security. The necessity of changing the existing Russian approaches is proved, a system of indicators and methods of their calculation are proposed, calculations of integral index of food independence are developed, economic access to the food for the population with different income levels is estimated. Regions with threats of social instability associated with limited economic access to food for a large part of the population are revealed.
The development of cultural competencies in public offices is essential for effectively serving a culturally diverse population in the modern era. Providing culturally appropriate and accessible services increases the significance and positive perception of a government office. This paper describes how the program evaluation model can be used to evaluate the needs of a specific population, assess the significance and suitability of a program's mission, and determine if services being delivered in a culturally sensitive manner. Ongoing evaluation of outcomes and efficiency also can determine if overall program goals are being met and how the benefits of the programs compare to the costs. Application of this model can inform instruction and reorganization implementations to enhance the cultural competency of public offices, which will in turn amplify the effective and efficient delivery of services to the target population.
We explore the dimensionality of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's household food security survey module among households with children. Using a novel methodological approach to measuring food security, we find that there is multidimensionality in the module for households with children that is associated with the overall household, adult, and child dimensions of food security. Additional analyses suggest official estimates of food security among households with children are robust to this multidimensionality. However, we also find that accounting for the multidimensionality of food security among these households provides new insights into the correlates of food security at the household, adult, and child levels of measurement.
The article deals with approaches to the choice of indicators of military danger in order to carry out an assessment of threats to the national interests of the state. The attention is focused on the acute need for a careful attitude to the analysis of the dynamics of changes in the military-political situation and the assessment of the level of military danger for Ukraine. It is formulated the necessity of using the scientific approach to the forecast of the level of military danger for Ukraine as a geopolitical player.
An overview of existing research and publications of specialists in the national security strategy on the investigation of threats to national interests in the military field has shown that existing approaches are sufficiently developed and informative. In conducted research, military danger is considered as the potential ability of any state (group of states) to use military force to solve interstate political, economic, military, ethnic, religious and other contradictions. And this potential opportunity is constantly threatening the national interests of Ukraine, which can lead to different forms of armed confrontation. At the same time, the ambiguity in certain theoretical positions raises the need to clarify the definition of the most dangerous threats to national interests in the military sphere, and the constant transformations of the theory of military security of the state further complicate the solution of this problem. Therefore, in the interests of deeper formalization of geopolitical processes and taking into account their impact on the level of military danger, the application of the appropriate system of indicators is proposed.
To assess the level of military danger for Ukraine, it is proposed to select 17 indicators that can be used together in the procedures for determining the level of military danger to Ukraine by other states. The use of separate values of the relevant indicators of military danger during the prediction of changes in the military-political situation can be used to substantiate the relevant decisions in the bodies of state military management.
This article looks at how a group of diverse economic experts tackled a major macroeconomic question and managed to reach a consensus conclusion. This was despite being confronted with limited data, embryonic general-equilibrium methodologies, and limited computing power. The realization, in the early 1960s, that the procession of nuclear weapons would shortly extend beyond the USA, Britain, France, and Russia led to increased fears of catastrophic global warfare. The economic concern with disarmament was along Keynesian lines, namely that reduced public expenditure on defense ("conversion") could lead to a serious economic depression. The focus here is on a United Nations Consultative Group which had the remit of estimating the economic and social consequences of global disarmament. Using information from documents of the time, substantially supplemented with personal commentaries of committee members, both published and from archives, the paper examines how the committee managed to reconcile very divergent economic views to produce a unanimous report. These basic matters of political economy are as germane today as they were nearly sixty years ago. Indeed, probably more so with the challenges of sustainable development being added to those of global peace.
The paper analyzes and systematizes the basic catego-ries related with threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, and establishes the relationship of their components in accordance with Federal regulatory legal documents. It provides an overview of the ap-proaches contained in the works of different authors in relation to the formation of the composition of threats to the economic security of the state and the assess-ment of their relevance. As a result, it is concluded that it is necessary to improve existing methods for as-sessing economic security threats for the national economy. The author's method of calculating an inte-gral indicator for assessing threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, based on a system of indicators grouped into clusters, is proposed. The initial approbation of the methodology was carried out on the basis of the author's estimates of threshold val-ues and significance levels of indicators of economic security threats.
Purpose – The article is aimed at evaluation of the patterns of demographic processes development in terms of their impact on shaping the level of countries' economic security. Research methodology – The study is based on a multidimensional estimation technique, which proposes the development of an integral indicator of the demographic component of countries' economic security. Stochastic research methods, in particular the t-test method, were used to identify and justify different hazard zones. Findings – On the basis of the formed sample of the countries, the integral indices of the level of the demographic component of countries' economic security for the period of 2000–2018 were calculated. The thresholds of demographic security indicators were identified and reasoned; the countries' security risks by demographic indicators were assessed; systematisation of countries according to the level of the demographic component of security was provided. Research limitations – It is proposed to include ten indicators in the structure of the index of the demographic component of economic security; these indicators characterise different aspects of the demographic processes development. However, this is not a complete list of possible valuation indicators. This determines the necessity of further studies in terms of justifying the advisability of including various parameters and assessing the degree of their importance in the structure of the demographic security index. Practical implications – The practical value of the results of the comprehensive analysis of the demographic processes development in the system of ensuring countries' economic security is the possibility of identifying real or potential threats to the sustainable social and economic development of countries and regions of the world. Originality/Value – The authors' improved methodology for assessing the level of economic security based on the demographic component consideration, taking into account the system of proposed indices, allows to assess the level of security, to monitor its changes and to identify factors that pose risks not only for one country but also for groups of countries both in regional dimension and in terms of the level of their development.
Those seeking to engage in warfare against organised governments in the 21st century are increasingly relying on such governments being unable to respond in an appropriate manner. The latter half of the 20th century in Northern Ireland is a perfect example of a ruling authority modifying its approach to the security issues it was confronted by throughout the conflict. "The Troubles", as the three decades of guerrilla warfare has now become known, was dealt with by the British establishment through three specific policies – all of which saw changes implemented during the first ten years of the landmark conflict. These were: the implementation of Direct Rule, the so-called "Normalisation" of asymmetric warfare, and the reliance on the local paramilitaries over the British Army. All of these policies can be seen to have failed in particular ways, although careful examination shall explain the logic behind these shifts in British reactionary policy and their effects in the regions of the province of Ulster affected by the conflict. Being a very brief survey of this conflict, this paper does not address other policies enacted – nor does it encompass every aspect of the evidence available. It merely aims to act as an overview.
Those seeking to engage in warfare against organised governments in the 21st century are increasingly relying on such governments being unable to respond in an appropriate manner. The latter half of the 20th century in Northern Ireland is a perfect example of a ruling authority modifying its approach to the security issues it was confronted by throughout the conflict. "The Troubles", as the three decades of guerrilla warfare has now become known, was dealt with by the British establishment through three specific policies – all of which saw changes implemented during the first ten years of the landmark conflict. These were: the implementation of Direct Rule, the so-called "Normalisation" of asymmetric warfare, and the reliance on the local paramilitaries over the British Army. All of these policies can be seen to have failed in particular ways, although careful examination shall explain the logic behind these shifts in British reactionary policy and their effects in the regions of the province of Ulster affected by the conflict. Being a very brief survey of this conflict, this paper does not address other policies enacted – nor does it encompass every aspect of the evidence available. It merely aims to act as an overview.
