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This paper is an attempt to show the evolution of the constitutional position of the head of state in the years 1920–2013 in Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, with special reference to the specificity of these systems (Austrian federalism, Liechtenstein's strong position of the monarch and collegial head of state in the Swiss case). It is based on a comparative analysis of the constitutional provisions of constitutional acts and their corresponding amendments. The timeframe of the paper is based on the period 1920–2013, due to the fact that at the very beginning of the 1920s two of the constitutional acts were created in the countries which are the subject of the paper: Austria (1920) and Liechtenstein (1921), which, despite many changes, exist today. The aim of the paper is to indicate differences in the position of the political head of state in 1920, and almost a century later. ; Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba ukazania ewolucji ustrojowej pozycji głowy państwa w latach 1920–2013 w Austrii, Liechtensteinie i Szwajcarii, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem specyfiki tych systemów politycznych (austriackiego federalizmu, silnej pozycji księcia w Liechtensteinie i kolegialnej głowy państwa w Szwajcarii). Artykuł został oparty na analizie komparatystycznej zapisów konstytucyjnych z uwzględnieniem odpowiednich nowelizacji. Ramy czasowe artykułu zostały oparte na okresie 1920–2013 w związku z tym, że początek lat 20. jest związany z powstawaniem konstytucji dwóch z trzech państw stanowiących przedmiot analizy: Austrii (1920) i Liechtensteinu (1921), które to akty prawne, pomimo wielu zmian, funkcjonują do dzisiaj. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie różnic w pozycji ustrojowej głowy państwa w 1920 roku i prawie 100 lat później.

This paper is an attempt to show the evolution of the constitutional position of the head of state in the years 1920–2013 in Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, with special reference to the specificity of these systems (Austrian federalism, Liechtenstein's strong position of the monarch and collegial head of state in the Swiss case). It is based on a comparative analysis of the constitutional provisions of constitutional acts and their corresponding amendments. The timeframe of the paper is based on the period 1920–2013, due to the fact that at the very beginning of the 1920s two of the constitutional acts were created in the countries which are the subject of the paper: Austria (1920) and Liechtenstein (1921), which, despite many changes, exist today. The aim of the paper is to indicate differences in the position of the political head of state in 1920, and almost a century later. ; Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba ukazania ewolucji ustrojowej pozycji głowy państwa w latach 1920–2013 w Austrii, Liechtensteinie i Szwajcarii, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem specyfiki tych systemów politycznych (austriackiego federalizmu, silnej pozycji księcia w Liechtensteinie i kolegialnej głowy państwa w Szwajcarii). Artykuł został oparty na analizie komparatystycznej zapisów konstytucyjnych z uwzględnieniem odpowiednich nowelizacji. Ramy czasowe artykułu zostały oparte na okresie 1920–2013 w związku z tym, że początek lat 20. jest związany z powstawaniem konstytucji dwóch z trzech państw stanowiących przedmiot analizy: Austrii (1920) i Liechtensteinu (1921), które to akty prawne, pomimo wielu zmian, funkcjonują do dzisiaj. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie różnic w pozycji ustrojowej głowy państwa w 1920 roku i prawie 100 lat później.

In the period 2008–2011, twelve parliamentary elections were held in eight Central and East European states. Their results demonstrated the decreasing importance of green parties on the political stage in this part of Europe. The author of this paper tries to translate the concept developed by Allan Sikk and Rune Holmgaard Andersen, concerning the evolution of Estonian green parties, to party systems in CEE states. The paper also discusses the evolution of the status of green parties and their probable placement in party systems following the nearest parliamentary elections. ; In the period 2008–2011, twelve parliamentary elections were held in eight Central and East European states. Their results demonstrated the decreasing importance of green parties on the political stage in this part of Europe. The author of this paper tries to translate the concept developed by Allan Sikk and Rune Holmgaard Andersen, concerning the evolution of Estonian green parties, to party systems in CEE states. The paper also discusses the evolution of the status of green parties and their probable placement in party systems following the nearest parliamentary elections.

Avast majority of democratic constitutions provide for a unipersonal head of state in modern political systems. There are only four democratic states with a collegial head of state in their political system. In the opinion of the article's author, this form of the principal state organ is determined by historical factors and/or the federal character of the state. The author also points to the fact that this form of state leadership is present in the political systems of autocratic states. ; Avast majority of democratic constitutions provide for a unipersonal head of state in modern political systems. There are only four democratic states with a collegial head of state in their political system. In the opinion of the article's author, this form of the principal state organ is determined by historical factors and/or the federal character of the state. The author also points to the fact that this form of state leadership is present in the political systems of autocratic states.