Suchergebnisse

This paper examines bioethical discourses concerning genetic counseling within the area of assisted reproduction. More particularly, it investigates the extent to which mainstream Western or secular bioethics is considered lacking from an Islamic perspective. The paper argues that invocation, incorporation, and even interrogation of Islamic norms ensure the legitimacy of genetic counseling within the Muslim context. The paper suggests a distinction between two levels of analysis within Islamic bioethical discussions on the consequences of genetic testing. The first addresses ethical-legal dimensions and is primarily concerned with balancing immediate benefits and harms in this world. The second addresses theological and metaphysical dimensions and is primarily concerned with faith-based convictions and religious commitments. The paper argues that both levels are needed for a nuanced understanding of the process of genetic counseling within a Muslim setting. The paper gives special attention to institutional fatwas on two main issues: prenatal genetic screening and preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Discussions concerning science and scientific production in the Middle East often trigger a comparison between a glorious past and a gloomy present. The past witnessed a thriving scientific culture within the Islamic civilization. In the present, however, science is usually entangled in a series of debates, ranging from the normative dimensions of modern science to the larger social and political circumstances shaping current realities, particularly in light of an incessant juxtaposition, competition, or rivalry with an imagined West.

YÖK Tez No: 664138 ; Yüksek Lisans ; Artık, ülkelerin diğer ülkelerle ticari faaliyet içerisine girmeden hayatta kalabilmesi mümkün değildir. İhracat ve ithalat dış ticaretin iki unsurudur. Neredeyse tüm gelişmekte olan ülkeler için dış rezervlerin ana kaynağı ihracattır. Bu çalışmanın ana amacı, İslami finansal araçlar, bu alandaki son gelişmeler ve dünyadaki bazı İslami ihracat finansmanı örneklerine odaklanarak ihracatı İslami finans yardımıyla artırmaktır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan metodoloji, tanımlayıcı bir yaklaşım olup, bunu bazı dış ticaret finansmanı örnekleri izlemektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, İslami finansın devletlerin ihracat performansını nasıl artırıp iyileştirebileceğini açıklığa kavuşturmak için tümevarım metodolojisi kullanılmıştır. Faizsiz finansman kaynaklı ihracat verilerinin eksikliğinden dolayı, ampirik veya analitik bir yaklaşım izlenememiştir. Bu çalışmada, konvansiyonel yöntemlerin dışında olan ve faizle faaliyet göstermek istemeyen ve / veya gerekli sermayesi bulunmayan ihracatçı şirketler için halihazırda mevcut olan faizsiz finansal yöntemler incelenmekte ve Türkiye için politika önerileri yapılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede öncelikle; ihracatın önemine, finansman şekillerine ve literatür taramasına yer verilmiş, sonrasında ise faizsiz finansmanın gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuştur. Son olarak, ihracat aşamasında faizsiz finansman metodları ve örnekleri tartışılmıştır. Çalışma ile, İslami finansın ihracat finansmanında kullanım potansiyelinden oldukça uzak olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. İhracat aşamasında faizsiz finansman bilançosu incelenirken, literatür araştırması sırasında İslami ihracatın finansmanına odaklanan neredeyse hiçbir çalışma olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Halihazırda mevcut olan çalışmaların çoğu ya İslami bankalarla ya da iç ticaret ile ilgili olup, ihracat finansmanına özel çalışmalar yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu durum, ihracatın faizsiz finansmanı hususunun daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyduğunu ve acilen geliştirilmesi gereken bir alan olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda, ihracatın faizsiz finansmanı örneklerine baktığımızda, uluslararası kuruluşların çok önemli bir role sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Faizsiz finans faaliyetlerinin tamamına yakını doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak uluslararası kuruluşların yardımıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. ; Nowadays, no country can survive without involving into (international) trade activities. Exports and imports are two elements of the foreign trade. The major source of foreign reserve, GDP and other advancements for almost all developing states is exports. The main purpose of this thesis is to identify export related tools under Islamic finance, track recent improvements and highlight the best Islamic export financing practices in the world. The methodology used in this study is descriptive approach followed by some foreign trade financing experiments. The study also utilized the methodology of induction to clarify how Islamic finance can increase and improve export performance of the states. Due to the lack of interest free-financing data under export related statistics, an empirical or analytical approach seemed impossible for now. In this study, prominent interest free financial methods for exporting companies that do not wish to operate with interest and/or do not have necessary capital are investigated and policy recommendations are brought forward. In this regard, first; literature review, the importance of exports and financing status are discussed; then, the necessity of interest free finance is explained. Lastly, interest-free financing methods and examples at the export stage are debated. The study concluded that Islamic finance is far away from its potential to be used in the export finance. While we underline the overall situation in terms of interest free financing at the export stage, we realize in the literature review that there is almost no study focusing on the Islamic financing of export. Most of them are concerned with domestic trade or Islamic banks, rather than the export financing. This reveals that there is a need for further research on this topic. When we look at the interest-free export finance examples, we also realized that the international organizations have a crucial role. Essentially, interest-free financial activities are carried out with the help of international organizations.

AbstractThe Islamic conception of social exclusion complements the Catholic perspective found in other contributions to this issue. The Islamic prohibitions of social exclusion are derived from theological principles that combine to provide a metaphysical basis for the golden rule that one should treat others as one wishes to be treated. This article examines the roots of a practical morality that enjoins us to treat other people as equals and prohibits exploitation of them in economic exchange. This philosophy is based on four principles found in the Qur'an and the hadith (teachings of the Prophet): vicegerency, commensurability, responsibility, and prophecy. These four principles combine to show how humans, as God's agents on earth, have the means to carry out the divine will. The practice of justice in Islamic thought does not rely on social conventions that are variable and contingent but on absolute principles revealed to us by the Prophet. That gives Islam an advantage over secular thought in establishing a strong foundation for social and ethical principles that give egalitarianism a transcendent basis. Thus, social inclusivity in Islamic thought is an integral part of a life governed by piety and prophecy.

Abstract
Most current language maintenance and shift research has focused on investigating immigrants' experiences and attitudes in their host countries only. Recent research has shown that additional insights can be gained from a multi-perspective approach to language maintenance that includes "spatio-temporal" frames. Transit experiences (representing extra spaces and multiple phases) offer important information which has been overlooked in most language maintenance and shift research. Drawing on a data set of 30 semi-structured interviews with Wellington Iraqis and 13 with Iraqi refugees preparing to move to New Zealand from their transit point in Jordan, this article argues for the significance of transit experiences to language maintenance research. Analysis of the data suggests the significance of transit experiences in explaining the variations in Iraqis' linguistic preferences and competencies and elucidates differences in language ability, use and attitude between older and younger generations. The data provides evidence for the importance of transition as a focus within language maintenance and shift study.

Tese de Doutoramento em Information System and Technology ; Muitas das iniciativas de Participação Eletrónica (e-Participação) − vistas neste estudo como o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) para facilitar a participação do cidadão no processo de tomada de decisão política −, não têm conseguido alcançar o sucesso esperado no que concerne ao nível de envolvimento do cidadão atingido. Esta falta de envolvimento é particularmente evidente nas iniciativas lideradas e disponibilizadas pelos governos (iniciativas governamentais de e-Participação). Embora o rápido crescimento das redes sociais, especialmente do Facebook, seja apontado como um meio promissor para fomentar e melhorar o nível de participação do cidadão, o problema do baixo nível de aceitação e de envolvimento do cidadão em iniciativas de e-participação persiste. Importa, pois, compreender, conceptualizar e teorizar sobre os fatores que afetam o nível de aceitação evidenciado pelo cidadão em relação a esse tipo de iniciativas. Assim, é finalidade deste estudo investigar os fatores relevantes que influenciam a intenção dos cidadãos de aceitarem e de se envolverem nas iniciativas governamentais de e-Participação disponibilizadas através do Facebook, baseando-se na Teoria do Comportamento Planeado (Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)), devidamente estendida pela incorporação de um conjunto de fatores relevantes que emergiram da literatura relevante. Os resultados quantitativos de um questionário respondido por 400 cidadãos Jordanos, mostram que a atitude do cidadão (citizen attitude (ATT)), a eficácia de participação (participation efficacy (PE)), e o controlo comportamental percecionado (perceived behavioral control (PBC)) afetam direta e positivamente a intenção de participação do cidadão. Por sua vez, a atitude do cidadão é determinada pela eficácia de participação (participation efficacy (PE)), utilidade percecionada e compatibilidade do Facebook (perceived usefullness (PU) e compatibility (COMP)), e valor percecionado do envolvimento do ...

Multi-core processors are gaining increasing importance in safety-relevant embedded realtime systems, where temporal guarantees must be ensured despite the sharing of on-chip resources such as processor cores and networks-on-chip (NoC). At the same time, many applications comprise workloads with different timing models including time triggered and event-triggered communication. The first contribution is a scheduling model based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming(MILP) supporting the allocation of computational jobs to processing cores as well as the scheduling of messages and the selection of paths on NoC. The model supports dependencies between computational jobs and it combines both time-triggered and event-triggered messages. Phase alignment of time-triggered messages is performed while avoiding collisions between time-triggered messages and satisfying bandwidth constraints for event-triggered messages. Example scenarios are solved optimally using the IBM CPLEX optimizer yielding minimal computational and communication latencies. Real-time communication and reliability are two important requirements in the development of safety-critical embedded systems, which benefit from the inherent fault isolation and temporal predictability of time-triggered networks. These systems depend on redundant communication schedules that contain global time-based information of message transmissions with conflict-free paths through the switches. In these systems, the use of redundancy to handle communication errors requires the preallocation of communication resources. The second contribution introduces a novel scheduler for redundant time-triggered networks that assigns messages to redundant paths. The scheduler considers the link reliability along with physical and logical models and produces a schedule where each message is assigned to two different paths along the switches. We also discuss and validate the approach with results from a prototype implementation. SoS consist of complex interconnections of large numbers of networked embedded systems that are characterized by operational and managerial independence of constituent systems, geographical separation, and emergent behavior in a constantly changing environment. The support for real-time communication is crucial for many SoS application areas such as medical, business, and military systems. The third contribution is a conceptual model and a scheduling algorithm for supporting real-time requirements in SoS. The search for a feasible schedule is computed incrementally upon the introduction of new applications in the SoS. The distributed computation of the schedule using the different constituent systems considers the lack of global knowledge and control in the SoS, while also reducing the overall scheduling time. Concurrent scheduling activities are supported to deal with the uncoordinated and possibly simultaneous introduction of multiple applications. The dissertation introduces also a simulation framework with real-time support of SoS that supports high-level scheduling as well as low-level scheduling for each constituent system. A time-triggered Ethernet (TTEthernet) simulation framework was extended by adding a scheduler layer to perform incremental scheduling among Constituent System Managers (CSMs). The simulation framework enabled the evaluation of the proposed algorithms in terms of schedulability, run-time, and worst-case latency for time-triggered and rate-constrained messages. ; Mehrkernprozessoren gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung in sicherheitsrelevanten eingebetteten Echtzeitsystemen, bei denen trotz der gemeinsamen Nutzung von On-Chip-Ressourcen wie Prozessorkernen und On-Chip-Netzwerken zeitliche Garantien gewährleistet sein müssen. Gleichzeitig umfassen viele Anwendungen Arbeitsbelastungen mit unterschiedlichen Timing- Modellen, einschließlich zeitgesteuerter und ereignisgesteuerter Kommunikation. Der erste Beitrag der Dissertation ist ein Planungsmodell, das auf der gemischt-ganzzahligen linearen Programmierung basiert und die Zuweisung von Rechenaufträgen an Prozessorkerne sowie die Planung von Nachrichten und die Auswahl von Wegen auf NoCs unterstützt. Das Modell unterstützt Abhängigkeiten zwischen Rechenjobs und kombiniert sowohl zeitgesteuerte als auch ereignisgesteuerte Nachrichten. Die Phasenausrichtung zeitgesteuerter Nachrichten wird durchgeführt, während Kollisionen zwischen zeitgesteuerten Nachrichten und die Verletzung von Bandbreitenbeschränkungen für ereignisgesteuerte Nachrichten vermieden werden. Beispielszenarien werden optimal mit dem IBM CPLEX-Optimierer gelöst, wobei minimale Rechen- und Kommunikationslatenzen garantiert werden. Echtzeitkommunikation und Zuverlässigkeit sind zwei wichtige Anforderungen bei der Entwicklung sicherheitskritischer eingebetteter Systeme, die von der inhärenten Fehlerisolierung und zeitlichen Vorhersagbarkeit zeitgesteuerter Netzwerke profitieren. Als Grundlage für Fehlertoleranz benötigen diese Systeme außerdem redundante Kommunikationspläne, die globale zeitbasierte Informationen von mehrfachen Nachrichtenübertragungen mit konfliktfreien Pfaden durch die Switches enthalten. In diesen Systemen erfordert die Verwendung von Redundanz zur Behandlung von Kommunikationsfehlern die Vorbelegung von Kommunikationsressourcen. Der zweite Beitrag der Dissertation stellt einen neuartigen Scheduler für redundante zeitgesteuerte Netzwerke vor, der Nachrichten redundanten Pfaden zuweist. Der Scheduler berücksichtigt die Verbindungszuverlässigkeit zusammen mit physischen und logischen Modellen und erstellt einen Zeitplan, bei dem jede Nachricht zwei verschiedenen Pfaden entlang der Switches zugewiesen wird. Wir diskutieren und validieren den Ansatz mit den Ergebnissen einer Prototypimplementierung. Systeme von Systemen (SoS) bestehen aus komplexen Zusammenschaltungen einer großen Anzahl von vernetzten eingebetteten Systemen, die durch betriebliche Unabhängigkeit von Teilsystemen, geografische Trennung und emergentes Verhalten in einer sich ständig verändernden Umgebung gekennzeichnet sind. Die Unterstützung für Echtzeitkommunikation ist für viele Anwendungsbereiche wie medizinische, geschäftliche und militärische Systeme von entscheidender Bedeutung. Der dritte Beitrag der Dissertation ist ein konzeptionelles Modell und ein Planungsalgorithmus zur Unterstützung von Echtzeitanforderungen in SoS. Die Suche nach einem realisierbaren Zeitplan wird schrittweise nach der Einführung neuer Anwendungen im SoS berechnet. Die verteilte Berechnung des Zeitplans unter Verwendung der verschiedenen Teilsysteme berücksichtigt den Mangel an globalem Wissen und Kontrolle im SoS, während gleichzeitig die Gesamtplanungszeit verringert wird. Gleichzeitige Terminierungsaktivitäten werden unterstützt, um die unkoordinierte und möglicherweise gleichzeitige Einführung mehrerer Anwendungen zu bewältigen. Die Dissertation stellt auch ein Simulationsframework mit Echtzeit-Unterstützung von SoS vor, das sowohl die High-Level-Planung als auch die Low-Level-Planung für jedes Teilsystem unterstützt. Ein Simulationsframework für zeitgesteuertes Ethernet (TTEthernet) wurde um eine Scheduler-Schicht erweitert, um eine inkrementelle Planung unter Constituent System Managern (CSMs) durchzuführen. Das Simulationsframework ermöglichte die Evaluierung der vorgeschlagenen Algorithmen hinsichtlich der Planbarkeit, der Laufzeit und der Worst-Case-Latenz für zeitgesteuerte und ratenbeschränkte Nachrichten.

AbstractThis paper examines the role of biomedical technology in reconstructing traditional gender roles in the Muslim world. It questions the neutrality of this technology and explores the extent to which various applications of genetic and reproductive technologies can be used either to enhance or diminish gender equality. It concentrates on Islamic normative discussions surrounding pre-marital genetic testing and sex selection and emphasizes the role of these discussions for the proper accommodation of these technologies within the Muslim context.

This study investigated the academic writing challenges facing Saudi Arabian students when they enrol on mainstream programmes at one New Zealand university. This research adopted a qualitative method approach. Approximately 65 Saudi Arabian students were involved. A survey was used to collect students' demographic information while semi-structured interviews with 10 volunteer students were conducted to get their views and reflections on their English academic writing skills and what could be done to better prepare them for academic study at English medium universities. This identified that KSA Students' attitude towards learning and using English was not positive; this is due to issues in teaching of English that result with students are ill-prepared for the demands of study through the medium of English. Students' attitude towards the language was not positive and this exacerbates the situation. This study focuses particularly on the demands of academic writing, it is explore students perceptions and suggests ways by which their needs could be better met. It is also hoped that the findings and recommendations from this study will benefit the Saudi students, the relevant government departments in Saudi Arabia as well as the English medium universities that recruit these students.