Dimensional and Genetic Characterization of the Last Oriental Plane Trees ( Platanus Orientalis L.) of Historical Sites in Lazio (Central Italy)
In: UFUG-D-21-01017
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In: UFUG-D-21-01017
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International audience ; The susceptibility of sheep to scrapie is under the control of the host's prion protein (PrP) gene and is also influenced by the strain of the agent. PrP polymorphisms at codons 136 (A/V), 154 (R/H) and 171 (Q/R/H) are the main determinants of susceptibility/resistance of sheep to classical scrapie. They are combined in four main variants of the wild-type ARQ allele: VRQ, AHQ, ARH and ARR. Breeding programmes have been undertaken on this basis in the European Union and the USA to increase the frequency of the resistant ARR allele in sheep populations. Herein, we report the results of a multi-flock study showing the protective effect of polymorphisms other than those at codons 136, 154 and 171 in Sarda breed sheep. All ARQ/ARQ affected sheep (n = 154) and 378 negative ARQ/ARQ controls from four scrapie outbreaks were submitted to sequencing of the PrP gene. The distribution of variations other than those at the standard three codons, between scrapie cases and negative controls, was statistically different in all flocks. In particular, the AT137RQ and ARQK176 alleles showed a clear protective effect. This is the first study demonstrating a protective influence of alleles other than ARR under field conditions. If further investigations in other sheep breeds and with other scrapie sources confirm these findings, the availability of various protective alleles in breeding programmes of sheep for scrapie resistance could be useful in breeds with a low frequency of the ARR allele and would allow maintaining a wider variability of the PrP gene.
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Scrapie is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats. It is also the earliest known member in the family of diseases classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases, which includes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and chronic wasting disease in cervids. The recent revelation of naturally occurring BSE in a goat has brought the issue of TSE in goats to the attention of the public. In contrast to scrapie, BSE presents a proven risk to humans. The risk of goat BSE, however, is difficult to evaluate, as our knowledge of TSE in goats is limited. Natural caprine scrapie has been discovered throughout Europe, with reported cases generally being greatest in countries with the highest goat populations. As with sheep scrapie, susceptibility and incubation period duration of goat scrapie are most likely controlled by the prion protein (PrP) gene (PRNP). Like the PRNP of sheep, the caprine PRNP shows significantly greater variability than that of cattle and humans. Although PRNP variability in goats differs from that observed in sheep, the two species share several identical alleles. Moreover, while the ARR allele associated with enhancing resistance in sheep is not present in the goat PRNP, there is evidence for the existence of other PrP variants related to resistance. This review presents the current knowledge of the epidemiology of caprine scrapie within the major European goat populations, and compiles the current data on genetic variability of PRNP
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International audience ; Scrapie is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats. It is also the earliest known member in the family of diseases classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases, which includes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and chronic wasting disease in cervids. The recent revelation of naturally occurring BSE in a goat has brought the issue of TSE in goats to the attention of the public. In contrast to scrapie, BSE presents a proven risk to humans. The risk of goat BSE, however, is difficult to evaluate, as our knowledge of TSE in goats is limited. Natural caprine scrapie has been discovered throughout Europe, with reported cases generally being greatest in countries with the highest goat populations. As with sheep scrapie, susceptibility and incubation period duration of goat scrapie are most likely controlled by the prion protein (PrP) gene (PRNP). Like the PRNP of sheep, the caprine PRNP shows significantly greater variability than that of cattle and humans. Although PRNP variability in goats differs from that observed in sheep, the two species share several identical alleles. Moreover, while the ARR allele associated with enhancing resistance in sheep is not present in the goat PRNP, there is evidence for the existence of other PrP variants related to resistance. This review presents the current knowledge of the epidemiology of caprine scrapie within the major European goat populations, and compiles the current data on genetic variability of PRNP.
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In: Veterinary Research 5 (40), Non paginé. (2009)
Scrapie is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats. It is also the earliest known member in the family of diseases classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases, which includes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and chronic wasting disease in cervids. The recent revelation of naturally occurring BSE in a goat has brought the issue of TSE in goats to the attention of the public. In contrast to scrapie, BSE presents a proven risk to humans. The risk of goat BSE, however, is difficult to evaluate, as our knowledge of TSE in goats is limited. Natural caprine scrapie has been discovered throughout Europe, with reported cases generally being greatest in countries with the highest goat populations. As with sheep scrapie, susceptibility and incubation period duration of goat scrapie are most likely controlled by the prion protein (PrP) gene (PRNP). Like the PRNP of sheep, the caprine PRNP shows significantly greater variability than that of cattle and humans. Although PRNP variability in goats differs from that observed in sheep, the two species share several identical alleles. Moreover, while the ARR allele associated with enhancing resistance in sheep is not present in the goat PRNP, there is evidence for the existence of other PrP variants related to resistance. This review presents the current knowledge of the epidemiology of caprine scrapie within the major European goat populations, and compiles the current data on genetic variability of PRNP.
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Il programma di iodoprofilassi è stato introdotto in Italia a seguito dell'approvazione della Legge 55/2005 "Disposizioni finalizzate alla prevenzione del gozzo endemico e di altre patologie da carenza iodica", con la quale si definiscono le modalità di utilizzo e di vendita del sale iodato. A supporto dello strumento legislativo, nel 2009 è stato istituito, presso l'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, l'Osservatorio Nazionale per il Monitoraggio della Iodoprofilassi in Italia (OSNAMI). L'OSNAMI, in collaborazione con gli Osservatori Regionali per la Prevenzione del Gozzo, ha il compito di verificare l'efficienza e l'efficacia del programma nazionale di iodoprofilassi e di fornire informazioni utili per eventuali azioni correttive. A tale scopo, tra il 2007 e il 2012 l'OSNAMI ha effettuato un primo monitoraggio condotto su 7455 bambini in età scolare. In quegli anni la vendita di sale iodato in Itali era inferiore al 50% di tutto il sale venduto e l'analisi degli indicatori specifici (ioduria, frequenza di gozzo in età scolare e TSH neonatale) aveva dimostrato il persistere di una lieve carenza nutrizionale di iodio nel nostro Paese. Infatti la concentrazione mediana di iodio urinario (Urinary Iodine Concentration, UIC) era risultata indicativa di iodo-sufficienza solo in tre (Liguria, Toscana, Sicilia) delle nove regioni esaminate (Piemonte, Lombardia, Veneto, Molise, Puglia, Calabria), mentre la prevalenza del gozzo era superiore al valore soglia del 5% in tutte le 6 regioni che avevano fornito i dati (Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Toscana, Calabria, Sicilia). In accordo con gli altri indicatori, anche la frequenza di valori elevati di TSH neonatale (5.9% nel 2015) aveva confermato una lieve carenza nutrizionale di iodio nella popolazione neonatale. Infine, l'analisi delle prescrizioni di farmaci anti-tiroidei (metimazolo), quale misura indiretta dei nuovi casi di iperttiroidismo nella popolazione, di fatto non aveva mostrato variazioni significative nel numero di prescrizioni nel periodo 2006-2012 rispetto al passato, anche se Bolzano, dove la iodoprofilassi è attiva da circa 40 anni, risultava ancora la provincia con il più basso numero di prescrizioni per abitante. Sulla base di questi risultati, la Direzione Generale per l'Igiene e la Sicurezza degli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (DGISAN) del Ministero della Salute insieme al panel di esperti dell'OSNAMI hanno deciso di intensificare le campagne informative per la promozione del programma di iodoprofilassi attraverso la diffusione dello slogan poco sale ma iodato, in accordo con la strategia di riduzione del consumo di sale, già attuata a livello nazionale dal Ministero della Salute. Tali sforzi, supportati anche dal continuo impegno nel promuovere il programma di iodoprofilassi da parte di Associazioni dei Pazienti, Società Scientifiche, medici dei Servizi per l'Igiene degli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (SIAN), hanno portato al raggiungimento della iodosufficienza, così come dimostrato dai risultati della seconda sorveglianza OSNAMI riportati qui di seguito come dati nazionali e nell'intero volume con dettaglio regionale.
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Seventy four Reference Sites of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA) have been recognised by the European Commission in 2016 for their commitment to excellence in investing and scaling up innovative solutions for active and healthy ageing. The Reference Site Collaborative Network (RSCN) brings together the EIP on AHA Reference Sites awarded by the European Commission, and Candidate Reference Sites into a single forum. The overarching goals are to promote cooperation, share and transfer good practice and solutions in the development and scaling up of health and care strategies, policies and service delivery models, while at the same time supporting the action groups in their work. The RSCN aspires to be recognized by the EU Commission as the principal forum and authority representing all EIP on AHA Reference Sites. The RSCN will contribute to achieve the goals of the EIP on AHA by improving health and care outcomes for citizens across Europe, and the development of sustainable economic growth and the creation of jobs.
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Seventy four Reference Sites of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA) have been recognised by the European Commission in 2016 for their commitment to excellence in investing and scaling up innovative solutions for active and healthy ageing. The Reference Site Collaborative Network (RSCN) brings together the EIP on AHA Reference Sites awarded by the European Commission, and Candidate Reference Sites into a single forum. The overarching goals are to promote cooperation, share and transfer good practice and solutions in the development and scaling up of health and care strategies, policies and service delivery models, while at the same time supporting the action groups in their work. The RSCN aspires to be recognized by the EU Commission as the principal forum and authority representing all EIP on AHA Reference Sites. The RSCN will contribute to achieve the goals of the EIP on AHA by improving health and care outcomes for citizens across Europe, and the development of sustainable economic growth and the creation of jobs.
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