Suchergebnisse

This paper identifies key political and technical issues involved in the development of an appropriate resource allocation and budgetary system for the public health sector, using experience gained in the Province of Balochistan, Pakistan. The resource allocation and budgetary system is a critical, yet often neglected, component of any decentralization policy. Current systems are often based on historical incrementalism that is neither efficient nor equitable. This article describes technical work carried out in Balochistan to develop a system of resource allocation and budgeting that is needs-based, in line with policies of decentralization, and implementable within existing technical constraints. However, the development of technical systems, while necessary, is not a sufficient condition for the implementation of a resource allocation and decentralized budgeting system. This is illustrated by analysing the constraints that have been encountered in the development of such a system in Balochistan.

Migration Practice as Creative Practice: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Migration presents an in-depth evaluation of migrants' contributions to modern socio-economic structures. Leading with a discussion of the historical construction of migration and what it signifies in the modern globalised economies, an interdisciplinary range of contributors examine the interaction of migrants with new cultures, migrants' embeddedness into new environments and what that signifies for community relations. The book discusses the creative energies that migrants bring to the private and public spheres. Migration Practice as Creative Practice examines how migrants use their social lives, lived experiences, the process of identity formation and histories to inject positive 'newness' into host cultural and economic architectures. The book calls for more creative ways of researching migrant lived experiences and brings to life the different ways of approaching migrant research for scholars today.

LAY SUMMARY This study examines relationships between military rank at release and various health indicators among Canadian Veterans, separately for males and females. These results provide new information about Veterans at greater risk of negative health outcomes, which could be used for targeted military health promotion as well as Veteran outreach and service delivery planning.

The epidemic of HIV/AIDS has devastating impacts on many societal features of both urban and rural communities. Cultural factors have been played a significant role in human decision making and behavior around health. In simple terms, culture basically refers to the traditions and customs upheld by societies and communities because of their belief systems and values, which guide their decisions and shape their thinking, actions, attitudes and behaviors. The role of culture has been of particular significance both in the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Certain cultural practices such as: gender inequalities; unequal access to health care services; injectable drug users; unequal access to economic resources and opportunities; and male dominancy contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS. The current study aims to investigate how various cultural factors contribute in the transmission of HIV/AIDS. The study was conducted in Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, while using a qualitative approach. Further, primary data was collected from 15 respondents through in-depth interview (using interview guide) while the selection of the sample was made through non-probability sampling using purposive sampling techniques. The collected information was qualitatively analyzed and a thematic discussion has been made for better understanding of the issue. The researchers also suggests some remedies.

Five representative key regions from the NE-SW-trending Mesoproterozoic Kibaride belt of SE Congo are described. Although the present database is still insufficient for a definitive reconstruction of the tectonic setting, available data suggest that the investigated areas experienced a similar geological history. The Kibaran Supergroup comprises four major lithostratigraphic units in SE Congo. The Kiaora Group is the oldest unit. It starts with a basal conglomerate which is overlain by siliciclastic rocks deposited in fluviatile and possibly lacustrine environments. The conglomerate is overlain by abundant metapelites (predominantly black schist) with calc-silicate, volcano-sedimentary rocks and minor metachert deposited in shallow marine environments. These units are cut by 1.38 Ga granitoids. The overlying Nzilo Group is composed of coarse-grained, siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks including metaconglomerates, quartzites and minor metapelites and metamorphosed ironstones. Frequent herringbone and wavy ripples suggest tidal flat deposition. The maximum depositional age of this group is given by the 1.38 Ga granitoids on which it rests disconformably and by detrital zircons from a quartzite, which yields a concordant age of 1360 ± 27 Ma. The above two groups are separated by a disconformity along with the matrix-supported Kataba Conglomerate occurs at the base of the Nzilo Group. Higher in the succession, the Hakansson Group is essentially pelitic with minor quartzites. At the top of the succession, the Lubudi Group is made of (stromatolitic) carbonates, black schists and minor black quartzites and is inferred to record shallow marine deposition. All these metasedimentary rocks were deposited before the emplacement of ca. 1.0-0.95 Ga tin granites and are older than 1.08 Ga, which is the age of the climax of Kibaran deformation in the Mitwaba area. Two major deformational events have been recognized in the study areas. The earliest (D1) is characterized by ENE-trending asymmetric folds and thrusts showing N to NNW transport directions. These structures occur in the Kiaora Group and predate the deposition of the Nzilo, Hakansson and Lubudi Groups. The second deformation (D2) marks the climax of the Kibaran orogeny and affects all sedimentary units. It is defined by NW-verging mesoscopic and macroscopic isoclinal folds (F2) and reverse faults parallel to D2 planar fabrics. M2 metamorphism is characterized by medium-pressure/medium-temperature (MP/MT) mineral parageneses, with preliminary data indicating peak P-T conditions between 740-780 °C and 6-6.5 Kb. U-Pb dating of metamorphic zircon in older orthogneisses in the Mitwaba region tentatively constrains the timing of M2 metamorphism at 1079 ± 14 Ma. The Kiaora Group was intruded by widespread arc-related gabbro-diorite and ca. 1.38 Ga syn-D1 calcalkaline and strongly peraluminous granitic plutons similar to those documented in the Lachlan and Hercynian belts. Late to post-kinematic granites and related pegmatites and greisens hosting tin-group ore deposits were emplaced at ∼1.0-0.95 Ga and exhibit geochemical similarities with SE Asian collisional granites. The Kibaran orogenic system was active between ∼1.4-1.38 (accretionary stage) and ∼1.0-0.95 Ga (continental collision and post-orogenic exhumation), but the Kiaora Group sedimentary rocks were deposited prior to 1.4-1.38 Ga, which is the igneous crystallization age for the syn-D1 Kibaran orthogneisses intruding them. Sedimentological data broadly indicate that the Kiaora Group was deposited in shallow marine environments, during the rift-drift stage of the evolving Kibaran basin while the post-D1 Nzilo Group was deposited in an intra-arc environment, although more modern data are required before a definite conclusion can be reached. Available structural, sedimentological, geochronological and petrological data support a convergent margin setting for the Kibaride belt and are inconsistent with an intracontinental, rift model.

Five representative key regions from the NE-SW-trending Mesoproterozoic Kibaride belt of SE Congo are described. Although the present database is still insufficient for a definitive reconstruction of the tectonic setting, available data suggest that the investigated areas experienced a similar geological history. The Kibaran Supergroup comprises four major lithostratigraphic units in SE Congo. The Kiaora Group is the oldest unit. It starts with a basal conglomerate which is overlain by siliciclastic rocks deposited in fluviatile and possibly lacustrine environments. The conglomerate is overlain by abundant metapelites (predominantly black schist) with calc-silicate, volcano-sedimentary rocks and minor metachert deposited in shallow marine environments. These units are cut by 1.38 Ga granitoids. The overlying Nzilo Group is composed of coarse-grained, siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks including metaconglomerates, quartzites and minor metapelites and metamorphosed ironstones. Frequent herringbone and wavy ripples suggest tidal flat deposition. The maximum depositional age of this group is given by the 1.38 Ga granitoids on which it rests disconformably and by detrital zircons from a quartzite, which yields a concordant age of 1360 ± 27 Ma. The above two groups are separated by a disconformity along with the matrix-supported Kataba Conglomerate occurs at the base of the Nzilo Group. Higher in the succession, the Hakansson Group is essentially pelitic with minor quartzites. At the top of the succession, the Lubudi Group is made of (stromatolitic) carbonates, black schists and minor black quartzites and is inferred to record shallow marine deposition. All these metasedimentary rocks were deposited before the emplacement of ca. 1.0-0.95 Ga tin granites and are older than 1.08 Ga, which is the age of the climax of Kibaran deformation in the Mitwaba area. Two major deformational events have been recognized in the study areas. The earliest (D1) is characterized by ENE-trending asymmetric folds and thrusts showing N to NNW transport directions. These structures occur in the Kiaora Group and predate the deposition of the Nzilo, Hakansson and Lubudi Groups. The second deformation (D2) marks the climax of the Kibaran orogeny and affects all sedimentary units. It is defined by NW-verging mesoscopic and macroscopic isoclinal folds (F2) and reverse faults parallel to D2 planar fabrics. M2 metamorphism is characterized by medium-pressure/medium-temperature (MP/MT) mineral parageneses, with preliminary data indicating peak P-T conditions between 740-780 °C and 6-6.5 Kb. U-Pb dating of metamorphic zircon in older orthogneisses in the Mitwaba region tentatively constrains the timing of M2 metamorphism at 1079 ± 14 Ma. The Kiaora Group was intruded by widespread arc-related gabbro-diorite and ca. 1.38 Ga syn-D1 calcalkaline and strongly peraluminous granitic plutons similar to those documented in the Lachlan and Hercynian belts. Late to post-kinematic granites and related pegmatites and greisens hosting tin-group ore deposits were emplaced at ∼1.0-0.95 Ga and exhibit geochemical similarities with SE Asian collisional granites. The Kibaran orogenic system was active between ∼1.4-1.38 (accretionary stage) and ∼1.0-0.95 Ga (continental collision and post-orogenic exhumation), but the Kiaora Group sedimentary rocks were deposited prior to 1.4-1.38 Ga, which is the igneous crystallization age for the syn-D1 Kibaran orthogneisses intruding them. Sedimentological data broadly indicate that the Kiaora Group was deposited in shallow marine environments, during the rift-drift stage of the evolving Kibaran basin while the post-D1 Nzilo Group was deposited in an intra-arc environment, although more modern data are required before a definite conclusion can be reached. Available structural, sedimentological, geochronological and petrological data support a convergent margin setting for the Kibaride belt and are inconsistent with an intracontinental, rift model.