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SDGs (The Sustainable Development Goals) are underfinanced in developing countries, especially in low-income countries. This conclusion is based on a review of SDG financing needs and available financing sources - including international private finance, blended finance, remittances, domestic resource mobilization, ODA and debt financing. The underfinancing in low-income countries is substantial, but in a global perspective it constitutes only half a percentage point of world GDP in 2030. To address the underfunding of the SDGs, policy priorities and allocation decisions in developing as well as donor countries must change significantly. Whether this is possible depends on the local and international political contexts. Realistically not all SDGs will be fully funded.

The disaggregation and autonomisation of public service procurement have been at the leading edge for the last two to three decades, not least due to the importance which New Public Management (NPM)-inspired reform programs have acquired. Rather than rejecting such organisational tools, we attempt to revea lthe complexity of the transformation of a municipal service-providing organisation with relatively delimited, clear-cut aims. Not only do we address issues related to how the transformation proceeded, but also more analytically challenging questions of why it was feasible to accomplish such a complex process in a relatively short period. Our focus on how and why issues favours a single case study design, and we have chosen a waste collecting and processing organisation that was devolved step-by-step from the municipal political-hierarchical system of governance. When approaching the how issues we draw on the analytic framework laid down by Ibarra et al. (2010). However, regarding the important why issues we find Selznick's (1957/1984) notion of institutional leadership to offer useful clarification.

Published version. Source at http://ojs.ub.gu.se/ojs/index.php/sjpa/article/view/3198 ; Disaggregation and autonomisation of public service procurement have been at the cutting edge for the last two to three decades, not least due to the importance that reform programmes inspired by New Public Management (NPM) have acquired. This development has led to widespread corporatisation and increasing emphasis on leadership and managerial freedom. In this article, we explore the role of leadership in the transformation of municipal waste management in a Norwegian municipality from an entity tightly integrated in the hierarchical system of local government to a separate, private law corporation, though still under the full ownership of the municipality. The trajectory has been influenced by developments in international waste markets and by changes in EU and national law, and it includes conspicuous technological innovations, some developed locally and others adopted from the wider waste management industry. What appears especially interesting in the case we have studied is the relatively successful and rapid transition from an identity as a municipal organisation to that of a new corporate organisation. Our focus on the "how" and "why" issues of this transition favours a design based on a single case study. When approaching the "how" issues we draw on an analytical framework laid down by Ibarra et al. (2010). However, when it comes to the important "why" issues, we find Selznick's notion of institutional leadership (1957/1984) remains beneficial.

The disaggregation and autonomisation of public service procurement have been at the leading edge for the last two to three decades, not least due to the importance which New Public Management (NPM)-inspired reform programs have acquired. Rather than rejecting such organisational tools, we attempt to revea lthe complexity of the transformation of a municipal service-providing organisation with relatively delimited, clear-cut aims. Not only do we address issues related to how the transformation proceeded, but also more analytically challenging questions of why it was feasible to accomplish such a complex process in a relatively short period. Our focus on how and why issues favours a single case study design, and we have chosen a waste collecting and processing organisation that was devolved step-by-step from the municipal political-hierarchical system of governance. When approaching the how issues we draw on the analytic framework laid down by Ibarra et al. (2010). However, regarding the important why issues we find Selznick's (1957/1984) notion of institutional leadership to offer useful clarification.

The article raises the question of to what extent municipalities adopting reforms of decentralization are able to find a stable balance between strategic management and operational autonomy. We performed a case study in a Norwegian municipality with more than 10 years of experience in practicing the agency model characterized by a radical disaggregation and autonomization of functions. Our findings suggest that finding a stable balance seems hard to obtain. Instead, there is a continuous process of "negotiation" going on between the two levels. The risk of sliding back to hierarchy and central rule seems to be more or less permanent.

Part of the justification for joint-donor evaluations is that they allow the conduct of relevant evaluations with a broader scope than single-donor evaluations and at the same time reduce transaction costs. Many joint-donor evaluations, however, run into management and coordination problems, have unforeseen high transaction costs for the donors and result in general conclusions and recommendations. The purpose of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence how donor-evaluation units engage in joint evaluations and to identify mechanisms that can make them more effective. It represents a first step towards analysing joint evaluations using a political-economy perspective based on assumptions about the interests and incentives of donor management, evaluations units and evaluators. The article argues that the broader scope of many joint-donor evaluations and their relatively high transaction costs are closely related to and originate from differences in donor interests and incentive structures, and an insufficient focus on methodological challenges. The article concludes with a number of tentative operational suggestions based on the analyses.

The article elaborates the concept of strategic regions which refers to bottom-up processes of inter-local cooperation. In a larger number of countries strategic regions are viewed as an attractive strategy to assist local governments in their pursuit or managing increasing costs in service delivery. In this article we first critically inspect rational choice-based models of interlocal cooperation and point out a couple of issues where they can be further refined and elaborated. Here, we focus particularly on the logic of incentives and transaction costs pertaining to the selection of tasks for collective action; the configuration of the actors; and the democratic deficit issue. The article then discusses alternative schemas for explanation of the formation or non-formation of inter-local partnerships; collective history, local identities and "bounded rationality" may prescribe or prevent partnership formation.

The Paris declaration of 2005 on aid effectiveness is now part of the international consensus. It holds that increased use of budget support combined with decentralised aid administration will lead to transaction costs reductions (through better donor harmonisation of aid) and to enhanced local ownership (through better alignment of donor policies and practices with those of recipients). Both improvements are assumed to enhance aid effectiveness. This article argues that the partnership perspective, which underpins much of the official thinking about harmonisation and alignment, is not able to capture the divergent interests and strategies of the multitude of donors and recipients. A more realistic political economy perspective on the harmonisation and alignment agenda is therefore proposed. It assumes that: different actors do not have the same interests; staff incentives to work to improve harmonisation and alignment are often weak among both donor and recipient stakeholders; and information about stakeholder strategies, interests, budgets etc. is incomplete. It is demonstrated that analyses based on this alternative perspective could lead to markedly different conclusions from those contained in the generally accepted consensus. There is a strong need for further analyses to guide future policy decisions in this field using the political economy perspective.

The existing bathymetry map of the Arctic is a compilation of ship soundings and digitized contours. Due to the presence of all-year sea ice, costly operations and political restrictions, dense and full coverage of the Arctic is not possible, leaving huge gaps between the existing surveys. In this paper, we make use of the existing Arctic bathymetry IBCAOv3 and invert Arctic bathymetry from the recent altimetric gravity model DTU17, whose accuracy is improved significantly with revised data processing strategy. The long and short wavelength components are preserved from IBCAOv3. The band-pass-filtering function proposed by Smith and Sandwell (1994, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00988) is adapted for the Arctic by reducing the cutoff wavelength. The predicted bathymetry is within 100 m on 85.8% of the grid nodes, when compared to the IBCAOv3. The consistency of the prediction is validated with two independent profiles from Healy cruises conducted in 2016 over the Chukchi Cap. A questionable valley in the IBCAOv3 is detected with gravity and at this spot, bathymetry predicted from gravity is consistent with independent multibeam soundings. The gravity-inverted bathymetry could be combined with ship soundings for the next generation of Arctic bathymetry map.

1. Introduction / Ole Winckler Andersen and Megan Kennedy-Chouane -- 2. Evaluation approaches in situations of conflict and fragility / Eva Broegaard, Beate Bull and Jens Kovsted -- 3. Critical reflections on the South Sudan evaluation of conflict and peacebuilding activities / Chris Barnett and Jon Bennett -- 4. Battlefields of method : evaluating Norwegian peace efforts in Sri Lanka / Jonathan Goodhand, Bart Klem and Gunnar M. Sørbø -- 5. The case of Congo : an evaluation approach focusing on context / Emery Brusset and Ivo Hooghe -- 6. Assessing development cooperation in northeast Afghanistan with repeated mixed-method surveys / Jan R. Bohnke, Jan Koehler and Christoph Zurcher -- 7. Impact evaluation for peacebuilding : challenging preconceptions / Marie Gaarder and Jeannie Annan -- 8. Evaluating statebuilding support : learning from experience or judging from assumptions? / Jorn Gravingholt and Julia Leininger -- 9. Systems thinking in peacebuilding evaluations : applications in Ghana, Guinea-Bissau and Kosovo / Diana Chigas and Peter Woodrow.

Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have set targets for non-hydro renewable energy but lag in implementation. The dominant approaches to analysing energy transitions have largely been developed based on European experience and provide a limited understanding of such developments in African countries. This paper combines a review of recent energy transition literature with a broader range of relevant energy-related literatures, each of which can contribute to a better understanding of the role of coalitions, politics and power in energy transitions in lower-income countries. The paper points to the decisive influence of a country's resource endowments on the potential for an energy transition. It further argues that resource endowments affect the type of finance that can be mobilised for energy sector development with implications for potential coalitions between international and domestic actors. Finally, the access agenda provides a window of opportunity for promoting non-hydro renewable energy, but there is no unambiguous relation between the two agendas. More empirical research is needed to further analyse these dynamics.