Suchergebnisse

In recent years historians have broken years of silence on the brutal repression behind the lines that marked the Spanish Civil War. Despite this, we continue to know very little about British diplomatic efforts to put a stop to the repression carried out by the insurgents grouped around General Franco. By focusing on the understudied Chetwode Prisoner Exchange Commission, this article shows that the British, working alongside the International Committee for the Red Cross, and at times with significant support from the Republican government, did take steps to try and prevent Francoists executing prisoners of war and bring an end to a cycle of reprisals. However, these attempts largely came to naught because the insurgents refused to be swayed by humanitarian considerations and because the British, faced with an imminent Franco victory and pursuing national self interest, abandoned supporters of the Republic to their fate.

Aims: To describe the supporting evidence and policy implications of the 10 target areas of the WHO strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Methods: Based on published systematic reviews of the literature and publications of the World Health Organization, the supporting evidence and policy implications of the 10 target areas are described. Findings: There is evidence to support action in each of the 10 target areas: leadership, awareness and commitment; health services' response; community action; drink-driving policies; availability of alcohol; marketing of alcoholic beverages; pricing policies; reducing the negative consequences of intoxication; reducing the public health impact of illegal and informal alcohol; and monitoring and surveillance. Conclusions: The following policy measures have the strongest evidence: increasing alcohol taxes; government monopolies for the retail sale of alcohol; restricting the density of outlets and the days and hours of sale; increasing the minimum age of purchase; lowering the legal BAC levels for driving; introducing random breath-testing for driving; implementing widespread brief advice for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption; and ensuring treatment for alcohol use disorders. There is reasonable evidence to support the introduction of a minimum price per gram of alcohol; restricting the volume of commercial communications; and enforcing the restrictions of sales to intoxicated and under-age people.

AbstractIn 1939 Francoists won the Spanish Civil War, but continued to prosecute hundreds of thousands from the defeated Republican side in summary military tribunals that imposed either the death sentence or jail terms of up to thirty years. Historians have paid much attention to the outcomes of these trials and stressed the institutional power of the courts within the emerging Francoist state. By contrast, this article, through a study of court documents, examines how the Francoist authorities devolved much of the prosecution process to the municipal level. Here they came to rely on their grass-roots supporters to identify, classify, provide testimony against and convict Republicans.

The article explores the role of denunciation and collusion in driving the post Civil War judicial repression in Spain between 1939 and 1945. It argues that in recent years historians have done much valuable work to unearth the long hidden Francoist repression, but that much remains to be learnt about the complicity that lay behind the mass killing and incarceration. Accordingly, to help further our understanding of collaboration in the repression, the article offers a case study of the launching of prosecutions in military tribunals. It shows that regime officials and their supporters in the community often conspired to herd their mutual political enemies through farcical summary prosecutions. It also demonstrates that in a significant number of cases the authorities followed the lead of their civilian collaborators who singled out potential victims for them. Thus it concludes that the Franco regime did not simply impose itself on society but that its supporters at the grassroots played an important role in consolidating it from below.

The United States and the Soviet Union have been the subjects of a vast out-pouring of literature during the post-war period. While that literature has generated a number of memorable images, from the two scorpions trapped in a bottle to President Carter as the cowboy who got on his horse and rode off in all directions at once, it has not been so successful in other regards. Most notably, and perhaps inevitably, it has failed to produce any objective, or even consensus, overall view which might provide statesmen and scholars with a reliable guide to the motives and actions of the two super-states. What it has done has been to furnish us with a rich variety of competing perspectives and frameworks from which to choose when trying to understand the workings of the two puzzling giants.

This exciting new text adopts a challenging question-led approach to the major issues facing global society today, in order to investigate the nature and complexity of global change. Among other things it looks at the future of the state, the environment, the international political economy, war and global rivalries, and the role of international law and the UN in the post-Cold War world. The book devises a readily comprehensible ""change map"", which both incorporates a wide range of the fundamental concepts of international relations theory and suggests a number of new concepts capable o.