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The socio-economic determinants of the use of parental leave by fathers. A comparative analysis of France and Sweden.
The primary objective of this paper is to analyse the socio-economic determinants of parental leave in France and Sweden. The study highlights extensive national disparities in the impact of socioeconomic and institutional environments for the use of parental leave. In France, the modest sum of the fixed-rate compensation applied and the weak guarantee of return to employee constitute a major obstacle to fathers applying parental leave and very strongly influence the process for selection of fathers in the system. The conditions for implementing full-time parental education benefits create extensive threshold effects which result in over-representation of «vulnerable » fathers in terms of their situation on the labour market and of their low levels of qualification and salaries. In Sweden, however, the comprehensive guarantee of return to work, combined with a particularly generous compensation income rate ensure that the process of selection of fathers in the system is far less discriminating. A stable employment situation and a high level of training in parents foster greater participation of fathers in parental leave. The Swedish example still indicates that flexibility and the degree of generation of the parental leave systems remain decisive, as the favourable conditions are insufficient to create a more balanced distribution of parental leave within the family.

This article examines the patterns of labour market integration over the life course of men and women in seven European countries. We select a range of household categories coinciding with different phases in the life course and use the European Community Household Panel survey to identify four broad national models, which are associated with different state regimes with regards to 'time policy'. These are the Nordic 'universal breadwinner' model (Sweden) of high participation involving long part-time or full-time hours and high employment continuity for both sexes over the life course, the 'modified breadwinner' model (France) where family formation and motherhood are still associated with withdrawal from the labour market for some groups of women and where mothers who are employed work predominantly full-time, the Mediterranean 'exit or full-time' model (Italy and Spain) where fewer women are employed, but when employed generally work full-time, finally different models of 'Maternal part-time work' (Dutch, German and UK) where motherhood is associated with a reduction in the employment rate that is less than that found in the Mediterranean countries and in France, but where part-time hours are the norm for mothers, even when children are older. We conclude that the Nordic model features the least pronounced gender inequality in time allocation to employment over the life course combined with a greater level of 'active ageing' of older workers. This profile is supported by a coherent and integrated set of policies for time and income management over the life course in contrast to the more piecemeal measures that exist in other national models. Hence, the Nordic model offers important insights for EU employment policy. Adapted from the source document.

Working time is a recurrent topic of study because the nature of work, its content, the conditions under which it is performed and the labour market itself keep changing. This report provides an overview of the recent evolution of working time duration and organisation in the EU and highlights the most important trends and differences between Member States. Through an in-depth analysis of data from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey carried out in 2015, it examines– from a gender and life course perspective –the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, on the one hand, and workers' health and well-being on the other. Finally, the report explores the extent to which prevailing working conditions and working time patterns in EU Member States are sustainable in the long term.

Working time is a recurrent topic of study because the nature of work, its content, the conditions under which it is performed and the labour market itself keep changing. This report provides an overview of the recent evolution of working time duration and organisation in the EU and highlights the most important trends and differences between Member States. Through an in-depth analysis of data from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey carried out in 2015, it examines– from a gender and life course perspective –the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, on the one hand, and workers' health and well-being on the other. Finally, the report explores the extent to which prevailing working conditions and working time patterns in EU Member States are sustainable in the long term.

"In diesem Artikel konzentrieren wir uns auf die vergleichende Perspektive bei der Anwendung des Konzepts der Übergangsarbeitsmärkte auf Arbeitszeitregime in verschiedenen Ländern. Eingangs untersuchen wir Tendenzen bei der Regulierung und Verteilung der Normalarbeitszeit in ausgewählten Ländern seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre. Diese Analyse betont die besonderen Wege, mit denen der Staat und die Sozialpartner die Reregulierung der Arbeitszeit anstreben. Um diese Veränderungen zu interpretieren und zu erklären, beziehen wir uns auf frühere international vergleichende Forschung zu industriellen Beziehungen und Sozialpolitik. Indem wir den Schwerpunkt auf bestimmte Arbeitsmarkt- und Haushaltsstrukturen legen, veranschaulichen wir die Anreize und Hindernisse bei der Herstellung des Übergangs zwischen verschiedenen Beschäftigungsformen in einer Reihe von Ländern. Der Artikel endet mit einer kurzen Diskussion der Strategien, die die Arbeitsmarktübergänge und die Entwicklung von Übergangsarbeitsmärkten unter höchst verschiedenen institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen beeinflussen und setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, wie sich diese auf die Umstrukturierung der Beschäftigung auswirken." (Autorenreferat)

Das Schwerpunktheft zur Arbeitszeit zeigt Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede der Entwicklung von Arbeitszeiten, Arbeitszeitverkürzung und Arbeitszeitgestaltung in Industrieländern auf. Beleuchtet werden auch soziale Aspekte und Zusammenhänge mit Freizeit und postindustrieller Gesellschaft. Offenbar bereitet sich eine stille Revolution vor im Übergang von der starren und einheitlichen Vollbeschäftigung hin zu flexiblen und vielfältigen Formen von Zeitallokation. (IAB)