Suchergebnisse

Nous contribuons au débat sur la « fracturation des élites » en examinant l'organisation collective du patronat américain dans le domaine extraprofessionnel. Nous utilisons les informations d'une base de données originale pour analyser un réseau biparti, reliant 1 472 administrateurs et dirigeants d'entreprises issus de dix secteurs économiques à 5 590 organisations dans huit domaines sociaux différents. En s'inspirant de la théorie de la mobilisation des ressources, nous démontrons l'intérêt de prendre en compte la différenciation sectorielle pour comparer deux ensembles d'élites. L'un appartient à des entreprises établies, représentées dans des secteurs historiquement plus anciens comme l'industrie, les matières premières ou l'alimentation et le commerce de détail. L'autre appartient à des entreprises « challengers » que l'on trouve dans des secteurs plus récents tels que les fonds spéculatifs ( hedge funds ), les sociétés de capital-investissement ( private equity ) et les entreprises technologiques. En modélisant l'accès au capital social, la force des liens au sein du groupe et l'implication politique, nous pouvons montrer que les élites établies ont, aujourd'hui, toujours une plus grande capacité d'action collective face aux élites challengers.

AbstractThis article contributes to the debate about how more recent professions, especially those related to management, might achieve a semblance of 'professionalism' in the absence of the conditions that facilitated the creation of the traditional professions such as medicine, law or accounting in the 19th century. Much of the recent literature has either argued that these professions had to rely on some form of 'image professionalism' or that the professionalization process was 'captured' by the dominant firms within the professional field, with the aim of creating corporate, firm-internal rather than open labor markets for these professionals. Building on Bourdieu's notions of symbolic and social capital, we suggest an alternative pathway to professionalization in stratified professional fields. We namely argue that a career at one of the 'elite' professional service firms (PSFs) can provide privileged access to positions at other firms within the same field. Hence, such a career constitutes a form of closure regime and allows, at least to some degree, the external labor mobility so typical of traditional professions. We explore this alternative pathway to professionalization by analyzing a novel and unique historical data set of former McKinsey consultants, identifying a number of boundary conditions that seem to facilitate such intraprofessional careers and others, which, over time, might weaken it. We conclude by pointing to a number of broader contributions from our research.

AbstractThis paper studies the rise of professors of economics and business studies in the second half of the 20th century in Switzerland. It focuses on three types of power resources: positions in the university hierarchy, scientific reputation and extra-academic positions in the economic and political spheres. Based on a biographical database of N = 487 professors, it examines how these resources developed from 1957 to 2000. We find that professors of economic sciences were increasingly and simultaneously successful on all three studied dimensions – especially when compared to disciplines such as law, social sciences or humanities. This evolution seems to challenge the notorious trade-off between scientific and society poles of the academic field: professors of economics and business increased their scientific reputation while becoming more powerful in worldly positions. However, zooming in on their individual endowment with capital, we see that the same professors rarely hold simultaneously a significant amount of scientific and institutional capital.

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the social profile of Geneva's philanthropists around 1900. It shows that, contrary to what the literature on philanthropy argues, philanthropists belonged to varied social groups defined by diverse forms of capital (economic, social and cultural) and were involved in philanthropic activities related to their social status. Together, those philanthropists formed a social field. They were connected to each other and even needed to collaborate on specific issues. The article argues that interconnections between actors reinforced their social position. By examining this field through both quantitative and qualitative methods, the article highlights relationships and ties between actors and shows how they collaborated on the basis of commonly held principles.

The aim of this contribution is to explore how the recent internationalization and the increasing importance of 'cosmopolitan capital' has impacted on the structure and character of the field of the Swiss business elite. For this purpose we will develop the notion of cosmopolitan capital and comparatively investigate the field of the Swiss business elite in 1980, 2000 and 2010 with multiple correspondence analysis. We can show that in this period international managers with transnational careers and networks not only grow in number, but come to conquer the apex of the biggest and highest capitalized Swiss firms. At the same time, national forms of capital decline in importance and Swiss managers themselves are differentiated increasingly into national and international fractions.

Résumé Pendant la majeure partie du XX e siècle, la forte cohésion des élites économiques helvétiques s'est appuyée sur leurs interrelations très denses au sein des conseils d'administration, leurs liens étroits avec les champs politique et militaire ainsi que sur leur appartenance à des institutions de socialisation et de légitimation nationales. Au cours des trente dernières années, sous l'effet de la globalisation économique et de la financiarisation, ces élites ont connu de profonds changements. En combinant analyse de réseau et analyse des correspondances multiples des dirigeants des 110 plus grandes entreprises helvétiques en 1980, 2000 et 2010, nous mettons en évidence ces transformations, en montrant notamment le fort déclin des réseaux d'interconnexions entre conseils d'administration, la redéfinition des rapports à l'État ainsi que la modification des curricula de formation et des carrières des élites. Cette reconfiguration de l'élite du pouvoir traditionnelle est révélatrice de la remise en cause du cadre national dans l'organisation et les processus de légitimation des élites économiques suisses.

'Anhand retrospektiver Daten einer Stichprobe von Anfang 1999 befragten Paaren (602 Frauen und 621 Männern) vergleichen wir die Berufsverläufe zusammenlebender Partner und ermitteln typische Verlaufsmodelle. Mittels der Optimal-Matching-Technik identifizieren wir Doppelkarrierepaare und unterscheiden sie von anderen doppel- oder einfachverdienenden Paaren. Doppelkarriere-paare erweisen sich dabei als relativ selten. Außerdem sind Mobilitätsverläufe nach wie vor stark geschlechtsspezifisch: männliche Verläufe folgen einer reinen Beschäftigungslogik, weibliche Verläufe unterliegen zugleich einer Beschäftigungs- und einer Familienlogik. Eine multinomiale Regressionsanalyse erlaubt, einige der Bedingungsfaktoren für das Vorliegen der verschiedenen Paarkonstellationen zu identifizieren.' (Autorenreferat)

The consequences of temporary jobs for job satisfaction are not clear. This article examines the effect of two crucial moderators in the association between temporary contracts and job satisfaction: the reason for being a temporary worker and the duration of temporary contracts. Using the ad-hoc module of the 2017 EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), this study examines 27 European countries separately. Results show that involuntary temporary workers (those who wanted a permanent contract but could not find one) tend to be less satisfied than permanent employees. However, voluntary temporary workers (those who prefer temporary over permanent jobs) and temporary workers in apprenticeships or probation periods are generally as satisfied as permanent employees. Shorter contracts frequently exert negative effects on job satisfaction, but only among involuntary temporary workers. Results differ between countries: the differences between temporary and permanent workers are insignificant in Scandinavian countries but large in the post-Socialist states.

The consequences of temporary jobs for job satisfaction are not clear. This article examines the effect of two crucial moderators in the association between temporary contracts and job satisfaction: the reason for being a temporary worker and the duration of temporary contracts. Using the ad-hoc module of the 2017 EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), this study examines 27 European countries separately. Results show that involuntary temporary workers (those who wanted a permanent contract but could not find one) tend to be less satisfied than permanent employees. However, voluntary temporary workers (those who prefer temporary over permanent jobs) and temporary workers in apprenticeships or probation periods are generally as satisfied as permanent employees. Shorter contracts frequently exert negative effects on job satisfaction, but only among involuntary temporary workers. Results differ between countries: the differences between temporary and permanent workers are insignificant in Scandinavian countries but large in the post-Socialist states.

Intro -- Titel -- Inhalt -- Einleitung -- Methode: Wie studiert man Wirtschaftseliten? -- Erster Teil: Wie wird man Wirtschaftsführer? -- Kapitel 1: Zwischen Internationalisierung und Protektionismus -- Die Internationalisierung der Eliten vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg -- Der Rückzug ins Nationale nach 1914 -- Die Konsolidierung der «Alpenfestung» (1940-1980) -- Kapitel 2: Die Wirtschaft als Männerbastion -- Struktureller Ausschluss der Frauen -- Die unsichtbare Rolle der Frauen im Familienkapitalismus -- Die Wende der 1970er-Jahre -- Pionierinnen in Machtpositionen -- Kapitel 3: Die familiäre Herkunft als Schlüsselfaktor -- Übervertretung des Grossbürgertums und der bürgerlichen Mittelklassen -- Der Einfluss der Familiendynastien -- Der späte Niedergang des Familienkapitalismus -- Die professionellen Manager -- Kapitel 4: Auswahl der Führungskräfte: Bildung und Armee -- Vom Lehrling zum Doktor -- Die Disziplinen der Macht -- Ein Offiziersgrad in der Schweizer Armee - Vorteil oder Notwendigkeit? -- Zweiter Teil: Organisierte Interessen und politisches Engagement der Schweizer Wirtschaftseliten -- Kapitel 5: Das Unternehmensnetzwerk -- Unternehmensnetzwerke und die Koordination der Unternehmerinteressen -- Zunehmende Nationalisierung -- Verbindungen zwischen Banken und der Industrie -- Netzwerke und Kartelle -- Die Schweizer Grossunternehmer: Eine Gruppe, die zusammenhält -- Kapitel 6: Die Unternehmerverbände -- Die Unternehmerverbände im Zentrum der Interessenpolitik -- Die Leitungsorgane der Unternehmerverbände -- Hinter den Kulissen: Die hauptamtlichen Verbandsfunktionäre -- Drei wichtige «Unternehmerfunktionäre» -- Kapitel 7: Unternehmer in der Politik -- Milizsystem und Engagement der Unternehmer -- Vielfältige Engagements -- Rechtsanwälte mit Parlaments- und Verwaltungsratsmandaten -- Unternehmer im Abstimmungskampf.

Comment devient-on un grand patron ? Entre internationalisation et protectionisme, un bastion masculin, Origine sociale : l'importance du facteur familial; Sélection des chefs : formation et armée; des patrons au patronat : organisation collective et engagements politiques; qui sont les patrons des patrons ? Figures patronales en politique; rapports à l'administration : entre imbrications et lobbying; la rupture de la fin du 20e s. ; les nouvelles élites, la reconfiguration des réseaux du pouvoir patronal ; fragmentations patronales et modifications des rapports au politique ; entre transnationalisation et fragmentations

During most of the twentieth century, it was possible to consider Switzerland a coordinated market economy, characterized by dense interfirm networks and the strong role of business associations. Thanks to their cohesion and collective organization, in a context of quiet politics and informal institutions, business elites could largely self-regulate major socioeconomic issues in the shadow of politics. However, since the end of the twentieth century, Swiss business elites have undergone profound changes not only in their composition, but also in their coordinating capacity, their growing political divisions, and their connections to politics. This growing sociological and political fragmentation, combined with changes in the way of doing politics, through noisier and more formal politics, has weakened the instrumental power of Swiss business elites. To compensate for this loss of direct influence, business elites of the largest Swiss companies have developed new political strategies, relying on their growing structural power in a context of global and financial capitalism.

Depuis les années 1990, le profil des élites économiques suisses s'est profondément transformé. Ces élites sont devenues plus internationales, plus « managériales », et ont eu tendance à délaisser les liens personnels et directs avec le monde politique suisse. Ces transformations, combinées aux changements des règles du jeu politique, ont contribué à l'émergence de nouveaux mécanismes de pouvoir : les politiques « discrètes » ont été remplacées par des politiques plus démonstratives. Cette situation a rendu les rapports de pouvoir plus imprévisibles. ; Cite as: Bühlmann, Felix et al. (2020) : Du lobbying discret à la rhétorique de la délocalisation. Les transformations récentes du pouvoir des élites économiques suisses, dans : Bulletin de l'Académie des sciences humaines et sociales 26,1, pp. 25-28.