Suchergebnisse

This paper examines the relationship between foreign (economic) aid and the General Assembly votes for the period 1967-76. The countries included in this study are the United States, the Soviet Union, and those of their aid recipients which are considered less developed. Two related hypotheses, one on the use of aid as an inducement and the other as a reward or a punishment, are tested. The methods used are Index of Agreement, devised by Arend Lijphart, and Pearson's r. The findings indicate that the American aid is more effective as an inducement and the Soviet aid is more effective as a reward or a punishment. The former has a closer association with the General Assembly votes from 1967-73 than in later years. Economic aid is increasingly used by the United States more to serve its security interests in the Middle East than for any other purpose, and it is possible that not so much of a return for the American aid is expected in the UN as was the case earlier.

Abstract : Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Bali in 2013, the population density in the Metropolitan area SARBAGITA (Denpasar-Badung-Gianyar-Tabanan) was 1.057 inhabitants/km2 with an area of 1.753,63 km2 and population was 1.853.017 inhabitants. Availability of facilities and adequate transportation infrastructure is needed, but in fact the performance of roads in the city center has declined. It is characterized by an increase in travel delay problem. Traffic delay problems in the City of Denpasar commonly occur on the stretch of Gatot Subroto street. To minimize the existing problems, Denpasar City Government plans to develop an underpass at the intersection of Gatot Subroto street and Ahmad Yani street. The aim of this study was to analyze the direct benefits of underpass for road users, to analyze the costs necessary to realize and operate the underpass, and to analyze the economic feasibility of the underpass development investment. Based on primary data and secondary data were obtained from government agencies, the method of analysis in this study used the technique of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Economic analysis conducted in this study used three criteria (NPV, BCR and IRR) with three interest rates (12%, 15% and 18% per year) stating that the construction of an underpass was economically feasible. For example in the second scenario where the interest rate 15% gain on the analysis of value NPV, BCR and IRR respectively is Rp. 233.462.340.102,00; 1,948 and 30,81%. Suggestions can be submitted from this research is the need to contemplate the effect of changes in land use in areas close to the area around the underpass and needed further study that takes into account the needs of additional traffic lanes.

Abstract : On the implementation of the construction project, financing is the main consideration due to the number of large and vulnerable to various risks. Cost control is the beginning of the estimates. An inaccurate estimation could have a negative impact on the whole process of construction. Because of estimation is reference in preparing the budget and used as control of the cost of projects, then required to major risk analysis that can be used as a basis in the mitigation. This research was conducted with qualitative descriptive method by interviews and survey. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires to the respondents using purposive sampling method, which simply selecting respondents who were competent and expert about the possible risks. The number of respondents was 25 who represent 8 construction project belonging to the government which is located in Denpasar. The results showed that there were 40 risks identified, from literature identified 16 risks and from brainstorming identified 24 risks. Than from 40 risks there are 34 major risks which was 9 risks classified as unacceptable and 25 risks classified as undesirable. Most dominant risks were the risks of estimator team and project. There were 16 mitigation measures at an unacceptable risk and 41 mitigitation measures at an undesirable risk. Most dominant risks were the risks of contractors and owner.

Not Available ; Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is a leafy vegetable grown as an annual crop in India. It comprised about 5.5% of the total vegetable production in the country with production of 9.04 MT from an approximate cultivated area of 0.04 million hectare [1]. The vegetable is consumed either as raw salad or by steaming or cooking it. It is an excellent source of vitamin B6, C and K and play an important role in lowering the blood cholesterol levels [2]. Export of cabbage from India has been showing an increasing trend since last few years, with major export destination being Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Nepal [1]. The sustainable production of cabbage is severely affected by leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., both in India as well as in the global paradigm and the extent of damage is assessed to be around 3.1 to 70.0% [3, 4]. Lack of effective resistance genes in cabbage has limited the efficacy of resistance breeding in management of leaf spot disease [5] and hence chemical interventions via fungicides became the major arsenal to combat the disease. Several conventional fungicides have been recommended for the purpose [6, 7] but, limited control of the disease, resistance and environmental issues have brought to the fore the mandate to search for new and safer fungicides. This study was envisaged for evaluating the bioefficacy, understanding the residue dynamics, and assessing the safety of a combination fungicide involving methoxyimino acetate strobilurin compound viz. trifloxystrobin (methyl (E) - methoxyimino - [(E) - α - [1 - (α,α,α - trifluoro - mtolyl) ethylideneaminooxy] - o - tolyl]acetate) and a triazole compound viz. tebuconazole (1 - (4 - Chlorophenyl) - 4,4 - dimethyl - 3 - (1,2,4 - triazol - 1 - ylmethyl)pentan - 3 - ol) for two consecutive seasons against the leaf spot disease of cabbage. The residue dissipation behavior of these chemicals in the field conditions was also investigated to evaluate consumer safety. These chemicals do not have recommended pre - harvest intervals (PHIs) for cabbage due to lack of information regarding their residue dissipation kinetics under field conditions. This might result in apprehension of food safety issues associated with their usage for domestic consumption as well as export. To ensure food safety to the consumers, the residues of these chemicals in the European Union (EU) are regulated at the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 1.0 mg Kg - 1for tebuconazole and 0.5 mg Kg - 1for trifloxystrobin [8] and hence it is of profound importance to establish their individual PHI so as to minimize accumulation of their residues below the respective MRLs at the stage of harvest there by to ensure smooth trade and consumer safety. ; Not Available