Suchergebnisse

Industrial LawsThe traditional relationship between the employee and the employer is that of 'Master and Servant', which is governed by terms of the contract between the two parties. Unfortunately, the terms of employment contract are usually not expressed explicitly in Pakistan. Lack of explicit terms of contract will likely lead to disputes and subsequent unrest. The government adopts measures to avoid exploitation of the weaker party – the workers. The relationship between the employers and the employees are governed by two legislation acts:1. The Industrial & Commercial Employment (Standing Order) Ordinance (VI of 1968) for regulating the relationship at to Provincial level;2. The Industrial Relations Ordinance (XCI of 2002) that is applicable through at the country. Of the two Industrial Relations Ordinance is of prime interest because of its wider scope.

This study is elected to explore the connection between religiosity and new product adoption amongst Pakistani consumers. This paper sheds some light on measured effects of religiosity and the perceived ideologies of Pakistani's about proffered pharmaceutical products in the country. Total 500 respondents were involved in the study from (fourth largest city) Faisalabad through judgmental sampling to envisage the adoption pattern of Pakistani Muslim consumers. Here religiosity is taken as an independent variable and was analyzed in five dimensions: sacramental, rational, ideological, consequential, and Practical. Moreover new product development is signified as a dependent variable.Islamic tenets influence the adoption of new pharmaceutical products among Pakistani consumers as their attitude persuades adoption patterns that rely on religiosity. All possible substitutes within different dimensions were assessed to find out the most appropriate combination of dimensions which provided the output. Religion is an element of culture that permeates every aspect of a society and saturates the life of individuals whether one is a believer or a non-believer and cultural dimensions are very vibrant in a society, as religious doctrines shape a secure and stagnant pillar in the society. This paper will assist to highlight its significance and implications in product development related decisions of pharmaceutical industry with reference to the use (prescription/recommendation) of pharmaceutical products by Muslim patients (doctors).

Full Electric Vehicles (FEVs) are among one of the three kinds of hybrid electric vehicles. FEVs are such motorized vehicles which utilize onboard electric motor or a couple of motors driven solely by batteries which use the stored charge on them as a fuel. FEVs do not drink up any petro-chemical fuel and consequently, do not emit greenhouse gases – decreasing harmful emissions. The concept and use of FEVs dates back to the 1890s when Lohner-Porsche produced the first full electric vehicle known as P1. FEVs provide with such a framework to lower the greenhouse gases to contribute in lessening the climate change and global warming. The paper essentially contends and elucidates that how and why FEVs can replace conventional internal combustion vehicles in a developing country like Pakistan while contributing positively in reducing the burden on economy and environment and making daily life comfortable while preventing the planet earth from global warming and climate change.

Aus den diesjährigen Wahlen in Pakistan ist der ehemalige Premierminister Sharif als klarer Sieger hervorgegangen. Der größte Gewinner dieser historischen Parlamentswahlen ist aber nicht er, sondern das pakistanische Volk. Es ist trotz Angst vor angekündigten Terroranschlägen zu den Urnen gegangen und hat sich für einen Machtwechsel entschieden. Experten sehen das Ergebnis allerdings mit gemischten Gefühlen.

Alliances remain at the heart of history, since they serve states in achieving geopolitical needs and securing grand strategic necessities. Apart from strategic considerations, the article aspires to highlight the psychological motivation for conceiving and forming alliances. It argues alliances to be the basic instrument in ensuring survival and elaborates the psychological efficacy and utility in employing the same device in gaining and sustaining the status of a functional great power. This article addresses the most significant development in modern times, i.e. rising China and its pursuit to become a pro-active great power, whilst greatly drawing from its strategic history in such endeavours. It explores the 'China Threat', and argues that China is likely to enter into alliances based on its geopolitical necessities by engaging its armed forces regionally, most likely in its near abroad. The article interprets China's Belt and Road Initiative as a soft alliance and predicts the precursors of a military alliance.

Azerbaijan is a peace-loving country and a cooperative member of the United Nations Organization. Being a sovereign member of the international community, it has all the rights and privileges entitled to a state. However, the claims of neighbouring Armenia driven by irredentism and revanchism over the contested region of Nagorno Karabakh have led to numerous conflicts between the two. Having the role of ensuring Azerbaijan's political integrity and sovereign status, the role of its armed forces is demanding yet challenging. This article is geared towards analysing the operational capabilities of Azerbaijani Armed Forces with a special focus on equipment, doctrine, and command and control platforms. It also assesses and prescribes the necessary and immediate needs to deter the threats and to thwart any military conflict. It theorises the potential of Azerbaijan-Pakistan defence relations. Finally, it aspires to take a structural approach in explaining the state behaviour and the relevance of security in contemporary times.

The downfall of Adolf Hitler was a significant development in the history of the world. His armies conquered almost all of Europe in a dramatic span of time by the employment of Blitzkrieg tactics. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Hitler assisted General Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Later, while still fighting on the Western front, Hitler ordered the Afrika Korps to assist Italians in Northern Africa and in the Balkans region and finally launched Operation Barbarossa by invading the Soviet Union. The Anti-Comintern Pact, Pact of Steel and Tripartite Pact brought the Third Reich, the Empire of Japan and the Kingdom of Italy onto one page. This paper attempts to probe the multiple fronts and the efficacy of Hitler's allies including Japan, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Croatia and to try and find the causes behind the downfall of one of the strongest men the world has ever seen from a theoretical perspective. This research did not intend to glorify Hitler or Nazism, but focuses on how the maximization of power and the states' actions with hegemonic aspirations triggered a balancing coalition and ultimately resulted in punishment from the system itself.

The existing literature in social sciences and humanities analyzing root causes of sectarian and religious conflicts focus mostly on micro-factors. The inability of market and state factors to control sectarian conflict for last seven decades remains understudied by the contemporary literature. This article aims at filling that gap and seeks to identify certain market and government failures that have implications on sectarian and religious conflicts. More specifically, it identifies four market failures namely asymmetries of information, externalities, equity and public goods and three government failures, which include democracy failure, bureaucratic failure and implementation failure. In contrast to the literature shedding light on the impact and gravity of sectarian and religious violence in the country, the purpose here remains to highlight important aspects of public policy reforms for peace making and peace building. This article, based on the aforementioned market and government failures, suggests a whole new set of policy reforms.

This article focuses on analyzing essential ingredients to initiate and sustain a successful anticorruption strategy. The basic objective of this policy paper is to recommend a set of policies based on the lessons drawn from the success of anti-corruption strategies in other countries. Taking Pakistan as the test-bed, it relates to the design, initiation, and pursuit of anti-corruption activities. The article elaborates a six-step anti-corruption strategy suggesting that to eradicate corruption effectively, the country must initiate these preconditions. It should: (1) restore the public confidence by showing political will to fight corruption; (2) restructure its main anti-corruption agency; (3) establish an anti-corruption inter-agency coordinating board; (4) reform the police, (5) initiate programs and curriculum for anti-corruption awareness; (6) establish a watchdog from the civil society with an advisory role. The strategies suggested in this article are based on the successes of anti-corruption agencies in Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Georgia.