Suchergebnisse

In The first half of the seventeenth century the northern mercan-Itile nations of Europe followed Spain and Portugal in flinging their Ncommercial frontiers westward to the New World. By the end of the century they had surpassed the Iberian nations in western trade and made of the Atlantic basin a single great trading area. Their economic enterprises created not only a crisscrossing web of transoceanic traffic but also a cultural community diat came to form die western periphery of European civilization. The members of this community were widely separated, scattered across three thousand miles of ocean and up and down the coasts of two continents. But the structure of commerce furnished a communication system mat brought these far-flung settlements together. The same structure proved to be a framework upon which certain important elements in colonial society took form. My purpose is to sketch certain characteristics of the Atlantic colonies in die seventeenth century which relate to these social consequences of commercial growth.

Since its publication in 1949 Fernand Braudel's La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II has been received as a major addition to the literature of early modern history. In France, the excitement over this eleven-hundred-page work has centered on what would appear to be its revolutionary innovations in historical method. Lucien Febvre, for example, in an article in the Revue historique, after describing the book as more than a "perfect work of an historian with a profound grasp of his métier" and even more than a "professional masterpiece," declared that the book introduces a revolution in the mode of conceiving history. "It marks," said Febvre, "the dawn of a new time, of that I am certain." His article concluded with this charge to youth: "Read, re-read, and meditate on this excellent book. … Make it your companion. What you will learn of things, new to you, about the world of the sixteenth century is incalculable. But what you will learn simply about man, about his history and about history itself, its true nature, its methods and its purposes—you cannot imagine in advance." Braudel himself devoted an article in the Revue économique to elaborating the method used in his book and presented it to economic historians for their consideration.

Preface /by Bernard Bailyn --Introduction /by Robert J. Allison --Part 1: The debate opens. Benjamin Franklin, Speech at the conclusions of the Constitutional Convention, September 17, 1787 --Alexander Hamilton, Conjectures about the new Constitution, late September 1787 --James Wilson, Speech at a public meeting, October 6, 1787 --Brutus I, October 18, 1787 --A political dialogue, October 24, 1787 --James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 24, 1787 --Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, December 20 1787 --Cato III, October 25, 1787 --Publius (Alexander Hamilton), The Federalist no. I, October 27, 1787 --Part 2: Opposition organizes. Elbridge Gerry to the Massachusetts General Court, November 3, 1787 --Letters from the Federal Farmer to The Republican, November 8, 1787 --Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, November 13, 1787 --George Mason, Objections to the Constitution, November 22, 1787 --Robert Yates and John Lansing, Jr., to Governor George Clinton, January 14, 1788 --Part 3. Toward a new understanding of politics. Publius (James Madison), The Federalist no. 10, November 22, 1787 --A Countryman (Roger Sherman) II, November 22, 1787 --Brutus IV, November 29, 1787 --Americanus (John Stevens, Jr.) III, November 30, 1787 --Samuel Adams to Richard Henry Lee, December 3, 1787 --A Landholder (Oliver Ellsworth) VII, December 17, 1787 --Publius (Alexander Hamilton), The Federalist No. 23, December 18, 1787 --Brutus VII, January 3, 1788 --Publius (Alexander Hamilton), The Federalist no. 30, December 28, 1787 --Part 4: Slavery and liberty. Luther Martin, The genuine information VIII, January 22, 1788 --Giles Hickory (Noah Webster) I, December 1787 --Publius (James Madison), The Federalist no. 39, January 16, 1788 --On the new Constitution, January 28, 1788 --Brutus XI, January 31, 1788 --Civis (David Ramsay) to the citizens of South Carolina, February 4, 1788 --Publius (James Madison), The Federalist no. 54, February 12, 1788 --Part 5: The future of the American republic. Publius (James Madison), The Federalist no. 51, February 6, 1788 --Brutus XII, February 7 and February 14, 1788 --Harry Innes to John Brown, February 20, 1788 --Joseph Spencer to James Madison, Enclosing John Leland's objections, February 28, 1788 --Publius (Alexander Hamilton), The Federalist no. 70, March 15, 1788 --Brutus XV, March 20, 1788 --Publius (Alexander Hamilton), The Federalist no. 78, May 28, 1788 --George Washington to John Armstrong, April 25, 1788 --Part 6: The state ratifying conventions. Pennsylvania. James Wilson, Opening address, November 24, 1787 --James Wilson and John Smilie debate the need for a bill of rights, November 28, 1787 --Benjamin Rush speaks against a bill of rights, November 30, 1787 --James Wilson on the slave-trade clause, December 3, 1787 --Robert Whitehill replies to Wilson on the slave-trade clause, December 3, 1787 --Dissent of the minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, December 18, 1787 --Massachusetts. Fisher Ames on biennial elections and the "volcano" of democracy, January 15, 1788 --An exchange on the powers of Congress and its probable corruption, January 17, 1788 --Amos Singletary and Jonathan Smith on "Leviathan" and on the danger of anarchy, January 25, 1788 --Daniel Shute and William Jones on religious tests, January 31, 1788 --John Hancock proposes ratification with recommended amendments, January 31, 1788 --Samuel Adams supports Hancock's proposition, January 31, 1788 --John Hancock's final observations, "We must all rise or fall together," February 6, 1788 --The form of the ratification of Massachusetts, February 6, 1788 --South Carolina. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney explains America's unique "structure of freedom," May 14, 1788 --Patrick Dollard fears a corrupt and despotic aristocracy, May 22, 1788 --Virginia. Patrick Henry's opening speech opposing ratification, June 4, 1788 --Patrick Henry states his main objections, and James Madison responds, June 12, 1788 --George Mason and James Madison debate the slave-trade clause, June 17, 1788 --New York. Robert R. Livingston, Melancton Smith, and John Jay debate aristocracy, representation, and corruption, June 23, 1788 --Melancton Smith fears the federal taxing power, June 27, 1788 --North Carolina. James Iredell on the presidency and the pardoning power, July 28, 1788 --James Iredell on impeachment, July 28, 1788 --Henry Abbot and James Iredell debate religious tests, July 30, 1788 --The Rev. David Caldwell and Samuel Spencer debate religious toleration, July 30, 1788 --The Constitution -- Chronology, 1774-1804 --Biographical notes --Note on the texts.